Primary intraventricular

Primary intraventricular hemorrhage is very unusual, except in premature babies. In adults, a cause is not always found. Some may be secondary to a vascular malformation in the ventricular wall (Gates et al. 1986 Darby et al. 1988). The clinical features may be indistinguishable from subarachnoid hemorrhage and it may only be differentiated at autopsy. 

Darby DG, Donnan GA, SaUng MA et al. (1988). Primary intraventricular haemorrhage clinical and neuropsychological findings in a prospective stroke series. Neurology 38 68-75. Derex L, Nighoghossian N, Hermier M et al. (2004). Thrombolysis for ischemic stroke in patients with old microbleeds on pretreatment MRI. Cerebrovascular Diseases 17 238-241... 

Gates GC, Barnett HJM, Vinters HV et al. (1986). Primary intraventricular haemorrhage in adults. Stroke 17 872-877... 

In subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a ruptured intracranial aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation, surgical intervention to clip or ablate the vascular abnormality substantially reduces mortality from rebleeding. The benefits of surgery are less well documented in cases of primary intracerebral hemorrhage. In patients with intracerebral hematomas, insertion of an intraventricular drain with monitoring of intracranial pressure is... 

The 5-HT syndrome can also be produced by a number of treatments whose primary actions are not expressed at serotonergic receptors. For example, in MAOI-pretreated rats, the intraventricular administration of dopamine or systemic treatment with the dopamine precursor /-dihydroxyphenylalanine (/-DOPA) in combination with an MAOI results in the 5-HT syndrome... 

Fig. 2. Representative examples of the appearance of /ocZ-positive cells in the central nervous system at the light and electron microscopic levels. (A) Representative examples of histochemically stained lacZ-positive neurons in the rat cerebral cortex resulting from an injection of retrovirus into the cerebral ventricles of the embryonic d 16 rat telencephalon. Note that the cell bodies and proximal dendrites are intensely stained (modified with pamission from Luskin et al., 1993). (B) Representative example of an immunohistochemicaUy stained neuron in the olfactory bulb resulting Irom a perinatal injection of retrovirus. The IdcZ-positive cell was revealed using a primary antibody to P-galactosidase diaminobenzidine was used as a chromogen to visualize the secondary antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. In most instances immunohistochemistry can be used to label the fine processes of lacZ-positive cells (modified with permission from Luskin, 1993). (C) An electron micrograph showing a ZacZ-positive (left) and unlabeled (right) neuron in the visual cortex from a rat that received an intraventricular injection of retrovirus at E16. The nucleus and nuclear membrane are conspicuously stained and in the cytoplasm the reaction product is associated preferentially with the endoplasmic reticulum, which extends into the apical dendrite (large arrows) and basal dendrite (arrowhead) of the labeled cell (modified with permission from Luskin et al., 1993).

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