Primary deposition, definition

Dendritic deposits grow under mass transport-controlled electrodeposition conditions. These conditions involve low concentration of electrolyte and high current density. A dendrite is a skeleton of a monocrystal consisting of stem and branches. The shapes of the dendrites are mainly determined by the directions of preferred growth in the lattice. The simplest dendrites consist of the stem and primary branches. The primary branches may develop secondary and tertiary branches. The angles between the stem and the branches, or between different branches, assume certain definite values in accordance with the space lattice. Thus, dendrites can be two dimensional (2D) or three dimensional (3D). 

The concentration of thiosulfate in the electrolyte was shown to be the primary factor determining the sulfur content of deposits and consequently their residual stress and mechanical properties [57]. The addition of thallium as a grain reflner was shown to reduce the deposits residual stress to almost zero, at least for a definite set of operative conditions a temperature of 50°C and c.d. within the range 0.4-0.6 A dm [30]. This electrolyte was found to be adequate for interconnection purposes even in the absence of additives [95]. 

The atmospheric environment is composed of a number of gases in which particles are suspended. As a consequence, millions of particles are inhaled with every breath. A surface area the size of a tennis court is available in the lungs for the deposition of these particles. This huge surface area is in direct contact with the atmospheric environment, and is thus the primary target for inhaled particles. Usually particles in the diameter range of 0.01-10 pm are deposited in the lungs and are therefore available for interactions with pulmonary surfaces. Unfortunately, however, different definitions of particle size ranges are in use so that data are often not comparable. We were not able to cope with this problem, but we hope that Table 1 will help in the interpretation of the presented data. 

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