Primary biodegradation under anaerobic conditions

Brown D, Laboureur P (1993) The degradation of dyestuffs part I primary biodegradation under anaerobic conditions. Chemosphere 12 397 -04... 

Brown D. and P. Laboureur. 1983. The Degradation of dyestuffs Part I—Primary biodegradation under anaerobic conditions. Chemosphere 122, 397-404. 

Linear primary alcohol sulfates can also be biodegraded under anaerobic conditions but the process seems to be limited to the hydrolysis of the sulfate [407]. 

The disappearance of sucrose ester surfactants from river water samples was studied by measuring the consequent increase in surface tension. This showed 100% primary biodegradation within 2 days [70,71]. An advantage of sugar fatty acid esters is their ready anaerobic biodegradation. Complete primary biodegradation within 2 days was also observed under anaerobic conditions [70]. 

Alcohol ether sulfates. Ready aerobic biodegradation of AESs has been described [113], with co/(3-oxidation and cleavage of the sulfate and ether bonds attributed to the process [10]. However, molecular oxygen is not necessary for the two latter steps, and primary and ultimate degradation has been described under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions [114]. 

Persistence in the soil is generally low (half-life under aerobic and anaerobic conditions is 21 and 68 days, respectively). In sterile soil, the half-life is almost 1 year. Azinphos-methyl adsorbs strongly to soil particles and has low solubility in water. Biodegradation and evaporation are the primary routes of elimination from soil but azinphos-methyl is also degraded by ultraviolet light. Degradation is more rapid at higher temperatures. Azinphos-methyl has a short half-life in surface waters (2 days). Hydrolysis is more prominent under alkaline conditions but the compound is relatively stable in water below pH 10. The half-life on crops is 3-5 days under normal conditions. 

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