Pressure vessels, general rules

PD 5500 Specification for unfired fusion welded pressure vessels, 2009 edition. CODAP Division 1 France design rules for unfired pressure vessel, 2005 edition. CODAP Division 2 France design rules for unfired pressure vessel, 2005 edition. JIS B 8265 Construction of pressure vessel - general principles, 2008 edition. JIS B 8266 Alternative standard for construction of pressure vessels, 2003 edition. 

General Considerations Most pressure vessels for the chemical-process industry will continue to be designed and built to the rules of Sec. T11, Division 1. While the rules of Sec. T11, Division 2, will frequently provide thinner elements, the cost of the engineering analysis, stress analysis and higher-quality construction, material control, and inspection required by these rules frequently exceeds the savings from the use of thinner walls. 

The rated coefficient of discharge for an SRV, determined per the applicable certification standards, is generally less than the effective coefficient of discharge used in API RP 520 (particularly for vapour service valves where the effective coefficient of discharge is typically around 0.975). This is particularly true for valves certified per the rules of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, where the average coefficient from a series of valve test results is multiplied by 0.9 to establish a rated coefficient of discharge (as seen earlier in Section 3.6). For this... 

Here it should be noted that some manufacturers have their own formulas for their specific valves. In general, the following formula can be used conservatively in accordance with the rules set by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII. 

Division 1 Contains general rules and is most commonly followed, particularly for low pressure vessels. 

The amount of product water (permeate) recovered is generally dependent on (a) the total area of membrane within each vessel (b) membrane pressure supplied by the high-pressure pump(s) (c) reject-flow rate and (d) feedwater quality. General rules of thumb for RO membrane product water recovery are as follows (a) 70—75% for normal or brackish feed water, (b) 30—45% for seawater, (c) 80—85% for purified feed water, e.g. first-pass RO permeate as second-pass RO feed and (d) 40—45% for seawater. 

It is important to recognize that the conversion of 10 into carbon dioxide and water presents a practical problem when 8 and 9 are used to deprotonate acids for purposes of extraction. If a separatory funnel is being used for the extraction, the gas pressure that results from the formation of carbon dioxide can blow out the stopcock and stopper, spraying the contents on you, your neighbors, or the floor. Alternatively, if a screw-cap vessel is being used, product may be ejected when the cap is loosened to relieve the gas pressure. Accordingly, it is preferable to use hydroxide for basic extractions as a general rule. 

General Rules for the Disposition of the Main Bonded Reinforcement in the Pressure or Containment Vessels... 

The rules of Division 3 [3] describe the design, construction, inspection, and overpressure protection of metallic pressure vessels with design pressures generally above 68.95 MPa. 

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