Prefixes oxyanions

Oxyanions consist of an atom of an element plus some number of atoms of oxygen covalently bonded to it. The name of the anion is given by the name of the element with its ending changed to either -ate or -ite. In some cases, it is also necessary to add the prefix per- or hypo- to distinguish all the possible oxyanions from one another. For example, there are four oxyanions of chlorine, which are named as follows ... 

Note that not all the possible oxyanions of these elements exist. If the name and formula are not given in Table 6-5, the ion is not known. If you learn the seven ions that end in -ate plus the meaning of the ending -ite and the prefixes, you will be able to write formulas for 20 oxyanions. You may double this number of names by learning an additional rule in Sec. 6.4. Note from Table 6-5 that for each central element, all ions present have the same charge. 

What relationship is there in the meaning of the prefix per- when used with an oxyanion and when used in peroxide. ... 

Oxoanions (also called oxyanions) contain one element in combination with oxygen. Many common polyatomic anions are oxoanions that end with the suffix -ate. If an element has two possible oxoanions, the one with the element at a lower oxidation state ends with -ite. This anion will also usually have less oxygen per atom. Additional oxoanions are named with the prefix hypo- if they have a lower oxidation number than the -ite form and the prefix per- if they have a higher oxidation number than the -ate form. 

The oxyanion with the greatest number of oxygen atoms is named using the prefix per-, the root of the nonmetal, and the suffix -ate. 

One may think of the -ite ending as meaning one fewer oxygen atom. The per- and hypo- prefixes then mean one more oxygen atom and still one fewer oxygen atom, respectively. Other elements have similar sets of oxyanions, but not all have four different oxyanions. 

For example, SO3 juimv cma oxyanions make up a series, hypo- (less than) and per- (more than) are used as prefixes to name the members of the series with the fewest and the most oxygen atoms, respectively. The best example involves the oxyanions containing chlorine ... 

Note in Table 2.5 that several series of anions contain an atom of a given element and different numbers of oxygen atoms. These anions are called oxyanions. When there are two members in such a series, the name of the one with the smaller number of oxygen atoms ends in -ite and the name of the one with the larger number ends in -ate—for example, sulfite (SO/ ) and sulfate (S04 ). When more than two oxyanions make up a series, hypo- (less than) and per- (more than) are used as prefixes to name the members of the series with the fewest and the most oxygen atoms, respectively. The best example involves the oxyanions containing chlorine, as shown in Table 2.5. 

First, identify the oxyanion present. The first word of an oxyacids name consists of the root of the oxyanion and the prefix per- or hypo- if it is part of the name, and a suffix. If the oxyanions name ends with the suffix -ate, replace it with the suffix -ic. If the name of the oxyanion ends with the suffix -ite, replace it with the suffix -ous. NO3, the nitrate ion, becomes nitric. 

Prefixes are used when the series of oxyanions of an element extends to four members, as with the halogens. The prefix per- indicates one more O atom than the oxyanion ending in -ate hypo- indicates one O atom fewer than the oxyanion ending in -ite ... 

At the heart of the prefix-suffix system in Table 6.3 lie the four suffixes used for all oxy-acids and oxyanions, -ic, -ate, -ous, and -ite. A mnemonic to remember these is Ick I ate a poisonous bite ... 

Sometimes, an element can form more than two types of oxyanions. In this case, the prefix hypo- is given to an anion that has one fewer oxygen atom than the -ite anion. The prefix per- is given to an anion that has one more oxygen atom than the -ate anion. This nomenclature is illustrated by the four oxyanions formed by chlorine. 

Group 7 elements each form four oxyanions/oxyacids. The prefix hypo- is used for the oxyacid that contains fewer oxygen atoms than the -ite anion, and the prefix per- is used for the oxyacid that contains more oxygen atoms than the -ate anion. For example, 20. (a) bromine, 35, Group 7A (b) Uthium, 3, Group lA ... 

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