Practical use considerations

At temperatures up to 1000°C, molten fluorides exhibit low vapor pressure (benign chemical reactivity with air and moisture. Molten fluorides also trap most of the fission products (including Cs and 1) as very stable fluorides, and thus act as an additional barrier to accidental fission product release. Fluorides of the metals other than U, Pu, or Th are used as diluents and to keep the melting point low enough for practical use. Consideration of nuclear properties alone leads one to prefer as diluents the fluorides of Be, Bi, Li, Pb, Zr, Na, and Ca, in that order. 

Correct and appropriate use of OELs in practice requires considerable knowledge and experience, particularly in cases where there is exposure to mixtures rather than to one substance in isolation, where it is not practical to evaluate the effects of all possible conditions of exposure, or where the work ing patterns are nonstandard. 

Although the zones of corrosion, immunity and passivity are clearly of fundamental importance in corrosion science it must be emphasised again that they have serious limitations in the solution of practical problems, and can lead to unfortunate misconceptions unless they are interpreted with caution. Nevertheless, Pourbaix and his co-workers, and others, have shown that these diagrams used in conjunction with E-i curves for the systems under consideration can provide diagrams that are of direct practical use to the corrosion engineer. It is therefore relevant to consider the advantages and limitations of the equilibrium potential-pH diagrams. 

The first definition gives no clue why one player is a star and another player is not. Its value is that it is practical, useful, and surely correct. It does not matter how awkward a basketball player is if he scores 30 points per game he is assured of a considerable amount of public acclaim. 

An inorganic membrane can be prepared by various methods such as sol-gel, phase separation and leaching.2,3 The sol-gel process is considered the most practical method among those used to prepare inorganic membrane. Sol-gel processing is a simple technology in principle but requires considerable effort to become of practical use. The advantage of this... 

The crystal structures of four chlorinated derivatives of di-benzo-p-dioxin have been determined by x-ray diffraction from diffractometer data (MoKa radiation). The compounds, their formulae, cell dimensions, space groups, the number of molecules per unit cell, the crystallographic B.-factors, and the number of observed reflections are given. The dioxin crystal structures were performed to provide absolute standards for assignment of isomeric structures and have been of considerable practical use in combination with x-ray powder diffraction analysis. 

The second reason is related to the misconception that proton dipolar relaxation-rates for the average molecule are far too complicated for practical use in stereochemical problems. This belief has been encouraged, perhaps, by the formidable, density-matrix calculations " commonly used by physicists and physical chemists for a rigorous interpretation of relaxation phenomena in multispin systems. However, proton-relaxation experiments reported by Freeman, Hill, Hall, and their coworkers " have demonstrated that pessimism regarding the interpretation of proton relaxation-rates may be unjustified. Valuable information of considerable importance for the carbohydrate chemist may be derived for the average molecule of interest from a simple treatment of relaxation rates. 

Expenditures for insecticides alone are not an accurate index of the cost of insect control. Many control practices do not involve the use of chemicals. Where chemicals are used considerable labor is required. To this must be added operation, maintenance, and investment costs of equipment needed to apply them. When these are taken into account the cost of control increases several times. In 1938 Hyslop (2) estimated that the cost of controlling the more important insect pests was 142,927,000. 

An interesting hypothesis may be put forward. The interfacial pA lcm (Fig. 5.1) that a solute exhibits depends on the dielectric environment of its location in the bilayer. Simple isotropic water-miscible solvents may be used to approximate p mem pure methanol (e 32), may do well for the bilayer zone containing the phosphate groups pure 1,4-dioxane (e 2) may mimic some of the dielectric properties of the hydrocarbon region. It appears that psKa values of several weak bases, when extrapolated to 100% cosolvent, do approximate pvalues [119,162,172]. Fernandez and Fromherz made favorable comparisons using dioxane [448]. This idea is of considerable practical use, and has been largely neglected in the literature. 

Considerable amounts of quenching of the acridone emissions by guanine in the DNA occurred when guanine was close to acridone, which can be applied as a quencher-free probe (no additional quencher is required) for the detection of a special sequence of DNA. The DNA bearing acridone at the C5 position of inner thymidine could distinguish the opposite T-T base mismatch, while enhancement of discrimination ability is needed for the practical use of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing. 

Since the mean velocity and Reynolds-stress fields are known given the joint velocity PDF /u(V x, t), the right-hand side of this expression is closed. Thus, in theory, a standard Poisson solver could be employed to find (p)(x, t). However, in practice, (U)(x, t) and (u,Uj)(x, t) must be estimated from a finite-sample Lagrangian particle simulation (Pope 2000), and therefore are subject to considerable statistical noise. The spatial derivatives on the right-hand side of (6.61) are consequently even noisier, and therefore are of no practical use when solving for the mean pressure field. The development of numerical methods to overcome this difficulty has been one of the key areas of research in the development of stand-alone transported PDF codes.38... 

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