Powell-Whittaker

Powell and Whittaker (Ref 6) nitrated iignin with mixed nitric-sulfuric acids at —5°C, and isolated the nitration prod by pptn with ice and w. It was a red powd with the empirical compn C42H390i 3(N02)3... 

Powell and Whittaker [61] nitrated lignin with mixed nitric and sulphuric acid at —5°C. The nitration product was isolated by precipitation with water and ice. 

A iiwre expoflitious volumetric method is given by Powell and Whittaker. 0 5 to 0 8 g. of material is distilled with 12 per cent hydroehlorie aeid until tlie distillate gives no more pink colour with aniline acetate. The apparatus used for the distillation should have all-glass connections. Into each of four well-stoppered bottles is... 

Deeming AJ, Nuel D, Powell NI, Whittaker C (1992) J Chem Soc Dalton Trans 757... 

The book begins with a chapter on calorimetry (Navrotsky) followed by two chapters on the experimental determination of activity-composition relationships of mineral solid solutions by phase equilibrium experiments (Wood) and by high temperature solution calorimetry (Newton). After chapters on the nature of activity-composition relationships (Powell) and the expression of non-ideal behaviour using Margules equations (Grover), a review of experimental techniques available for determining site occupancy is given (Whittaker). 

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