Potentiometric sensors challenges

Microfabrication has been the topic of a recent review in which thin-film (<1 pm, based on vacuum evaporation, sputtering or chemical vapor deposition) and thick-film (>10pm, based on screen printing or lamination) technologies are described for the mass production of potentiometric sensors and sensor arrays [80]. Current challenges include the cost of fabrication, especially for thin-film devices, the control of physical dimensions of the sensing elements, the incorporation of liquid reservoirs, and the stability of the integrated reference electrodes. 

Potentiometric microelectrodes have been widely used for pH measurements in many in-vivo applications. This chapter has provided an overview of these electrodes and a discussion of a number of practical challenges related to sensor designs, fabrication methods, and applications. 

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