Potentials and the Charging Effect

In a large molecule or in a crystal, one has to lump the three contributions 

If we concentrate interest on solid halides, it is quite striking that I of the loosest bound np orbitals of X- are considerably higher than Iq (in eV) of the gaseous anions (46, 47) though not as high as 14 of the neutral atoms  

Contrary to some of the 7 values originally evaluated (48) without corrections for the charging effect, it must be admitted that I (Xnp) tends to be lower than 7o from Eq. (19) added to However, this was also true for the estimate of 

In the writer s opinion, this problem can only be solved to a reasonable approximation by comparing with a standard substance acquiring the same V as the non-conductor under study. The most practical method is to distribute the pow- 

Cls signal on inorganic substances to 7 =285 eV. There are reasons to believe that this signal does not originate from traces of pump oil, but rather from hydrocarbons arriving on the sample from automobile and fuel burner emissions. 

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