Porous Structure of Membrane Surface, AFM

The atomic force microscopy technique is now widely used for the study of membrane surfaces. It has become an important tool of imaging the surface of materials to atomic-level resolution, and this technique does not need any special sample preparation, which is essential for SEM and TEM. AEM can show three-dimensional images of the surfaces. Paredes et al. has written an excellent review on the application of AEM for the characterization of microporous and mesoporous materials [16]. 

5 Pore Size, Pore Size Distribution, and Roughness at the Membrane Surface 

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