Polyvinylidine difluoride

Nylon membranes cannot be stained with DTAF because nylon binds the stain. However, Immobilon P memlxanes (MillipcM e), which are composed of polyvinylidine difluoride, are stained equally as weU as nitrocellulose. 

CAPS, 3-[cyclohexylamino]-l-propanesulfonic acid DABITC, dimethylaminoazobenzene isothiocyanate DABTH, dimethylaminoazobenzene thiohydantoin OPA, o-phthalaldehyde PTC, phenylthiocarbamyl PTH, phenylthiohydantoin PVDF, polyvinylidine difluoride TFA, trifluoroacetic acid... 

MAPK is active only when phosphorylated on two specific amino acids, one threonine and one tyrosine. Because of this, MAPK activity can be measured by determining the content of phosphotyrosine in the enzyme using highly specific antiphosphotyrosine antibodies. Known amounts of protein are separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transferred to sheets of nitrocellulose (or polyvinylidine difluoride), and probed with antiphosphotyrosine antibodies. To increase the signal produced by the detection system, it may be necessary to immunoprecipitate MAPK from known quantities of tissue, or to partially purify MAPK, biochemically, before immunoblot analysis. An increase in specific antiphosphotyrosine antibody binding implies that MAPK activity increases. 

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