Polyvinyl alcohol nitrate

Attempts to obtain polyvinyl alcohol nitrate, (polyvinyl nitrate), were made with the object of producing a synthetic polymer capable of replacing nitrocellulose. 

Le Roux and Sartorius [35] have determined the content of nitrogen in polyvinyl alcohol nitrate to be 13.5-14.5%, whereas its theoretical maximum content of nitrogen is 15.75%. The detonation of polyvinyl alcohol nitrate is propagated with a rate similar to that of nitrocellulose of the same nitrogen content. The rate of detonation of polyvinyl nitrate, containing 13.4% of nitrogen, in cardboard cartridges 30 mm dia. is ... 

Polyhydric Alcohols. (Polyols). An alcohol with three or more hydroxyl groups, each attached to a different carbon atom. They are w-sol and of sweetish taste, which tends to intensify with increasing hydroxyl content. Examples of polyols of ordn interest are listed below. Polyvinyl alcohol is considered in a separate entry as a polymer although it is defined as a polyhydric alcohol. Polyols, when nitrated, make excellent expls, proplnt binders, plasticizers, etc. Prepn can follow the procedure of Lenth DuPuis (Ref 3) which uses a methanol suspension of either sucrose or dextrose and a special Cu-Al oxide catalyst to yield 60-65% distillable polyols at 240° and 1500psi Refs 1) Beil — refs found under individual compds 2) CA, under Alcohols, Polyhydric for compds of current ordn interest 3) C.W. Lenth R.N. DuPuis, "Polyhydric Alcohol Production by Hydrogenolysis of Sugars in the Presence of Copper-Aluminum Oxide , IEC 37, 152-57 (1945) CA 39, 1391 (1945)... 

Durgapal, U. C. et al., Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 1995, 20, 64 This compound, made by mild nitration of polyvinyl alcohol, is an explosive as shock sensitive as tetryl. 

Noma, Oya and Nakamura [33] examined the reaction of nitrating polyvinyl alcohol and concluded that neither nitration with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acid, nor nitration with nitric and acetic acid can bring about the esterification of all the hydroxyl group. This is probably due to simultaneous hydrolysis. They recommend nitrating either with a composition of nitric add and acetic anhydride or a solution of nitric acid in carbon tetrachloride, where by a higher nitrated product, softening at a temperature of 40-50°C, is obtained. 

This compound, made by mild nitration of polyvinyl alcohol, is an explosive as shock... 

Acetylcholineesterase and choline oxidase Enzyme membrane in H20 was treated with 11% solution of PVA-SbQ (polyvinyl alcohol) with styryl pyridinium groups. Mixture was spread on a cellulose nitrate membrane and air dried. The membrane was exposed to UV radiation for 3 h and stored at 4°C. The enzyme membrane was fixed with a Pt electrode. Sample was dissolved in phosphate buffer and measured. The best results were obtained at pH 8 and at 30°. The calibration graph was rectilinear for 5mM ACh. The storage stability of the dry membrane was excellent. [77]... 

An example of a degradable matrix system is the pilocarpine-containing inserts formulated by Saettone et al. [148]. Pilocarpine nitrate and polyacrylic acid were incorporated into a matrix containing polyvinyl alcohol and two types of hydroxy-propyl methylcellulose. It was shown that all inserts significantly increased the pharmacological effect (miotic response) compared to a solution of pilocarpine nitrate. 

Efforts are being made to find an explosive polymer with properties similar to those of nitrocellulose. Naturally attention was directed towards the nitration of polyvinyl alcohol as the most accessible high molecular poly hydroxyl alcohol. It is described in the chapter dedicated to explosive polymers (Chapter XIV). 

Le Roux and Sartorius [28] (Vol. II, p. 173) gave the following method of nitrating polyvinyl alcohol. 

In this procedure [3, 12, 13] a known excess of standard ceric ammonium nitrate solution is added to an azide solution or slurry. The excess ceric ammonium nitrate is titrated with standard ferrous ammonium sulfate or sodium oxalate, using ferroin as indicator. The method is extremely simple and flee from hazard once the reagents have been mixed. A serious drawback is that dextrin and polyvinyl alcohol are oxidized by ceric ion. Blay [1] reports gelatin and carboxymethyl cellulose are not oxidized. The method is as follows. 

Indeed most polymers are receptive to attack including cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, polycaprolactone, polyethylene succinate, polyethylene adipate, polyvinyl alcohol, polybutadiene, styrene butadiene, butyl acrylonitrile, butadiene acrylonitrile, polyester polyurethanes, polyacetate, polyglycollate, polydioxanone and Nylon 2,6. 

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