Polystyrenesulfonate PSS

The present paper deals with the uncatalyzed radical polymerization initiated with the water-soluble macromolecule in the absence of Cu(II) ion. Using polystyrenesulfonate (PSS-Na) and polyvinylphosphonate (PVPA) as the macromolecules, a study on the process of polymerization was made. And a new concept on the "hard and soft hydrophobic areas and monomers" was proposed. 

The particularities of molecular dynamics and local organization of micellar phase of complexes were formulated on the example of complexes of polyacrylic (PAA), polymethacrylic (PMAA) acids and polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) with dodecyl- (DTAB), tetradecyl- (TTAB and cetyltrimethylammonium (CTAB) bromides, and also of poly-N,N -dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (PDAC) and poly-N-ethyl-4-vinylpyridinium bromide (PEVP) with sodium dodecylsulfate (SDD) (formulas of polymers are presented in Scheme 2). 

In this contribution, we discuss the impact that CuPc C6o absorber composition and its preparation temperature has on device PV parameters as well as on electrical and transport properties. ITO/3,4-polyethylene-dioxythiophene polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT PSS)/CuPc C6o/Mg/Ag OSCs are investigated. 

Here, we consider electropolymerized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDT), prepared with different supporting electrolytes (see [135]) polystyrenesulfonic add (PSS), p-toluenesulfonic acid (Tos), and tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (BU4NCIO4). The anion produced from the dissociation of toluene-sulfonic acid is also called tosylate (< -SO i). Additionally, we address chemically prepared PEDOT-PSS, in a water emulsion, sodium free (<0.5 ppm), provided by Agfa Gevaert N.V. None of these blends contains PSS -Na" ", as was the case for Baytron P discussed above. The conductivity values a obtained for the polymers are summarized in Table 21.1. PEDOT/Tos is the most conductive (450 S cm ). The polyanion-based materials give lower conductivities 80 S cm for electropolymerized PEDOT-PSS and 0.03 S cm for chemically polymerized PEDOT-PSS. 

On the substrate side, the same process occurs for the holes, but on a different energy level. The holes are injected with a high work fimction metal or semiconductor like the transparent indium-tin-oxide ITO, which consists of a nonstoichiometric composite of 10-20% Sn02 and 80-90% ln203. The work function of ITO depends strongly on the surface treatment and lies in the range of 4.4-S.2 eV [43,44]. As in the case of the cathode, hole injection can be improved by an additional layer of, e.g., copper phthalocyanine [45] or polyethylenedioxythiophene (FEDOT), doped with polystyrenesulfonic acid (PSS) [46]. The holes are injected into the hole transport layer and proceed... 

The memory effect of the nanocomposites of functionalized carbon nanoshells (f-CNSs) mixed with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT PSS) polymer has been studied by Avila-Nino [1]. The functionalized carbon nanoshells were synthesized... 

S. K. M. JOnsson, J. Birgerson, X. Crispin, G. GreczynsM, W. Osikowicz, A. W. Denier van der Gon, W. R. Salaneck and M. Fahhnan, The effects of solvents on the morphology and sheet resistance in poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonic acid (PEDOT-PSS) films, Synth. Met. 139(1), 1-10 (2003). 

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