Polystyrene spherulite growth rate

Armistead JP, Hoffman JD (2002) Direct evidence of regimes I, II, and III in linear polyethylene fractions as revealed by spherulite growth rates. Macromolecules 35(10) 3895-3913 Armstrong SR, Offord GT, Paul DR, Freeman BD, Hiltner A, Baer E (2014) Co-extruded polymeric films for gas separation membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 131(2) 39765 Azzurri F, Alfonso GC (2008) Insights into formation and relaxation of shear-induced nucleation precursors in isotactic polystyrene. Macromolecules 41(4) 1377-1383 Baekeland LH (1909) Method of making insoluble products of phenol and formaldehyde. US Patent 942,699... 

Suzuki, T., Kovacs, A. J. Temperature dependence of spherulitic growth rate of isotactic polystyrene. Critical comparison with the kinetic theory of surface nucle-ation. Polymer J., 1,82-100 (1970). 

FIGURE 11.1 Radial growth rate r of spherulites of isotactic polystyrene as a function of the crystallization temperature. 

Figure 4.20 Plots of growth rate of the spherulite versus degree of undercooling, AT, under isothermal conditions [38). (a) Isotactic polystyrene (b) nylon 6 (c) polyoxypropy-lene (d) polychlorotrifluoroethylene...

Fig. 4.16. Temperature dependence of the radial growth rate u of spherulites in isotactic polystyrene left), polyamid 6 (center) and poly(tetramethyl-p-silpheylene siloxane) (right). Data from different authors taken from [39]...

Example 11.3 Kennedy and co-workers used photomicroscopy to measure the radial growth rate of spherulites of isotactic polystyrene at a variety of constant temperatures [11]. These data are shown in Figure 11.10. Show that the results are consistent with Eq. (11.3.9). 

Figure 11.10 Comparison of experimentally determined growth rates of spherulites of i-polystyrene with ( ) experimental (— ) theoretical values. (From J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed., 21, Kennedy, M. A., G. Turturro, G. R. Brown, and L. E. St.-Pierre Retardation of spheralitic growth rate in the crystallization of isotatic polystyrene due to the presence of a nucleant, Copyright 1983 hy John Wiley Sons, Inc. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc.)...

In a few cases, the addition of minor amounts of immiscible or miscible polymers results in the nucleation of a crystalline polymer. The nucleation of PP by PE and polyamides (e.g., PAl 1) (immiscible) as well as the addition of PP to poly(butene-l) (miscible) has been noted in the literature [138-141 ]. The addition of LDPE to PP showed a reduction in the spherulite size of PP, attributed to an increase in nucleation density of the a-crystalline form along with an increase in the rate of growth of the -crystalline form [141]. The nucleation of polycarbonate by the zinc salt of sulfonated polystyrene ionomers was noted to occur with both miscible and phase separated blends [142]. Nanometer sized ionic aggregates appeared to contribute to the polycarbonate nucleation. A liquid crystalline copolyesteramide (Vectra-B950 ) was shown to accelerate the crystallization of poly(phenylene sulfide) [143]. This effect was not concentration dependent and did not change the level of crystallinity. 

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