Polysaccharide layer

N- ace t y Halos a m i n n u r o n i c acid. Other archaeal species contain cell walls made from thick polysaccharide layers containing acetate, glucuronic acid, galacto-samine, and glucose. 

Ettelaie, R., Akinshina, A., Dickinson, E. (2008). Mixed protein-polysaccharide layers a self consistent field calculation study. Faraday Discussions, 139, 161-178. 

Purified endotoxin consists only of lipopolysaccharide. This itself has three distinct chemical regions an inner core called lipid A. an intermediate polysaccharide layer, and an outer polysaccharide side chain. Lipid A, a highly substituted disaccharide of gluct amiiie, is responsible for pyrogenicity and other immunological and biological properties associated with endotoxin. 

F. 3a and b. Fluid mosaic structure of the cell membrane, a Overall representation 1 — talayer of hpid molecules 2 — membrane proteins, including receptors, membrane transport proteins, proteins mediating signal transfer etc. 3 — polysaccharide layer — glycocalyx b molecular structure of the lipid bilayer a — cholesterol b — lateral chains of fatty acids c — glycCTol residue d — phosphate moiety of the phospholipid molecule e — positively charged (amino) part of the pho holipid molecule (From Refs. 

EPS accumulates on the microbial cell surface and provides protection to the cells by stabilizing membrane structure against the harsh external environment. Polysaccharide layer over the surface of the organism is often of substantial depth in comparison with the cell dimensions (Figure 15.1). 

The presence of a gelled polysaccharide layer around the cell may have paramount effects on the diffusion properties both into and out of the cell preventing access of harmful substances, like antibiotics or toxic compounds (e.g., toxic metal ions, sulfur dioxide, and ethanol). The important role of EPSs in the removal of heavy metals from the environment is due to their involvement in flocculation and ability to bind metal ions from solutions. Due to their anionic character the polysaccharides can enhance the immobilization of ions such as Pb + and Cu and may have significant ecological implications. 

Wu, L.-Q., et al., 2003. Spatially selective deposition of a reactive polysaccharide layer onto a patterned template. Langmuir 19 (3), 519-524. Available at http //pubs.acs.org/doi/ abs/10.1021/la026518t. 

FIGURE 6.9 Temporal stability of LbL-coated nanogels in water over different periods of time (a) NG/PLL (b) NG/(PLL/PGA) (c) NG/CHIT (d) NG/(CHIT/DEX). Gels coated with polysaccharide layers are reversibly thermoresponsive, and for clarity, only the heating cycles are shown. Reprinted from Ref. [20], copyright 2010, with permission from Elsevier. 

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