Polyphenols electrochemical methods

Alonso AM, Dominguez C, Guillen DA and Barroso, CG. 2002. Determination of antioxidant power of red and white wines by a new electrochemical method and its correlation with polyphenolic content. J Agric Food Chem 50( 11 ) 3112-3115. 

Makhotkina, O. and Kilmartin, P. A. (2009). Uncovering the influence of antioxidants on polyphenol oxidation in wines using an electrochemical method Cyclic voltammetry. J. Electroanal. Ghem. 633,165-174. 

A. M. Alonso, C. Domianguez, D. Guillean, and C. G. Barroso, Determination of Antioxidant Power of Red and White Wines by a New Electrochemical Method and Its Correlation with Polyphenolic Content, J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 3112-3115 (2002). 

Milhury, P.E. Analysis of complex mixtures of flavonoids and polyphenols hy high-performance hquid chromatography electrochemical detection methods. Methods Enzy-mol. 2001, 335, 15-26. 

Huck, C.W. Bonn, G.K. Evaluation of detection methods for the reversed-phase HPLC determination of 3, 4, 5 -tri-methoxyflavone in different phytopharmaceutical products and in human serum. Phytochem. Anal. 2001,12,104—109. Huck, C.W. Huber, C.G. Ongania, K.H. Bonn, G.K. Isolation and characterization of methoxylated flavones in the flowers of Primula veris hy Uquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A, 2000, 870,453-462. Milhury, P.E. Analysis of complex mixtures of flavonoids and polyphenols hy high-performance hquid chromatography electrochemical detection methods. Methods Enzymol. 2001, 335, 15-26. 

A novel synthetic method for polyphenols was described by Inoue and co-workers [172] w-cresol, 3-methylcatechol, 4-methylcatechol and 4-ethylcatechol were polymerised using a redox reaction between phenol derivatives and gold ions. The oxidised phenol derivatives produced by the reduction of gold ions formed water-insoluble polymers with MW of approximately 1,000 g/mol. Alternatively, Wei and co-workers [173] described the electrochemical polymerisation of phenol on 304 stainless steel anodes and the subsequent coating structure analysis. Anodic oxidation was carried out using 304 stainless steel anodes in a neutral 0.1 mol/1 phenol solution with an electrolyte composed of 0.1 mol/1 sodium sulfate. This oxidation generated a yellow brown polyphenol coating on the steel surface of the anode. 

Blasco, A., Rogerio, M., Gonzalez, M. and Escarpa, A. (2005) Electrochemical Index as a screening method to determine total polyphenolics in foods a proposal. Anal. Chim. Acta, 539,237-244. 

Several comprehensive reviews have been published on the existing chromatographic methods for the analysis of lipophilic antioxidants (tocopherols, tocotrienols, and carotenoids) in various sample matrices (Abidi, 2000 Aust et al., 2001) on electrochemical approaches in the sensing of natural or biological antioxidants and antioxidant capacity (mainly polyphenols and vitamins C and E) using cyclic voltammetry on flow injection analysis (FIA) with amperometric detection in food and biological samples (Blasco et al., 2007) and on chemiluminescence (CL) and fluorescence (FL) methods for the analysis of oxidative stability, antioxidant activity, and lipid hydroperoxide content in edible oils (Christodouleas et al., 2012). 

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