Polymers metal graphene

Hitherto known 2-D polymers include graphene [1], boron nitride [51] as well as metal oxides, hydroxides, and chalcogenides [2,23c]. These inorganic 2-D polymers are usually obtained by exfoliation from their parent laminar crystals this can be achieved using physical methods such as the scotch tape approach [1] or intercalation [52]. Many reports have been made on the preparation of laminar crystals which can, in principle, be regarded as the parent materials for 2-D polymers. For example, Antonietti and coworkers reported the details of graphitic carbon nitrides based on heptazine motifs, prepared by the thermal condensation ofcyanamide (>560 °C) [53] however, individual layers have not yet been separated from the bulk products. 

Carbide-derived earbons (CDCs) Degree-of-sulfonation (DOS) Direet assembly method Eleetrode materials Metallie eleetrode materials Nonmetallie eleetrode materials Freeze-dried baeterial eellulose (FDBC) Graphene-Nation polymer aetuator Impregnation-reduetion method Ionie polymer-metal eom-posites (IPMCs) Biopolymer membrane materials Eleefromeehanieal properties of Metallie eleetrode materials Nanoearbon-eomposite membrane materials Nonmetallie eleetrode materials Sulfonated bloek eopolymer membrane materials Sulfonated hydroearbon baekbone membranes Pendent sulfonated ehitosan (PSC) Polyaniline (PANI) Sulfonated poly(amie aeid) (SPAA) Sulfonated poly(styrene-ran-ethylene) (SPSE) Sulfonated polyimide (SPI)... 

Nanocarbon structures such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene, are characterized by their weak interphase interaction with host matrices (polymer, ceramic, metals) when fabricating composites [99,100]. In addition to their characteristic high surface area and high chemical inertness, this fact turns these carbon nanostructures into materials that are very difficult to disperse in a given matrix. However, uniform dispersion and improved nanotube/matrix interactions are necessary to increase the mechanical, physical and chemical properties as well as biocompatibility of the composites [101,102]. 

For the third process, conducting polymers and metal oxides can be simultaneously deposited onto carbonaceous scaffolds by using CNTs or graphene as frameworks during chemical process or electrodes in the electrochemical procedure. This is similar to the one-pot synthesis of binary composites. Besides sequential compositing, ternary composites can also be fabricated by a one-step electrochemiccd deposition to reach desirable porous architectures due to its simplicity and reliability. It was proposed to prepare unique PPy/reduced GO/CNT ternary composites, where reduced GO, CNT, and PPy were electro-deposited simultaneously to construct a three-dimensionally highly porous film electrode (Dingetal., 2012). 

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