Polymers derived electrochemically from

Polymers Derived Electrochemically from Elemental Aluminum. Aminoalane polymers have also been prepared by electrolysis of aluminum in a solution consisting of an alkyl amine, a solvent, and a supporting electrolyte (31-33) or in a solution of liquid ammonia (24,34). Anodic dissolution of an aluminum electrode under an inert... 

In this article we report the synthesis and electrochemical properties of the polymer derived from oxidation of X, poly(I), and the characteristics of a microelectrochemical transistor based on the polymer. Poly(I), which is formed by electrochemical oxidation of X, Equation 1, consists of a conducting polymer backbone, polythiophene. 

Compounds (20) and (21) undergo electrochemical oxidation to give films of poly(2-methyl-8-quinolinol) and poly(S-quinolinol) on a variety of metal substrates.60 Copper(II) can be com-plexed from aqueous media, but cobalt(II) requires an organic medium. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows the copper(II) complex of films derived from (20) to be complexed to both N and O and also shows that water is absent from the primary coordination sphere. However, for cobalt(II) on the polymer derived from (21), water is present in the primary coordination shell. 

The -conjugated polyselenophene named PEDOS (182) the analog of poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) [281], one of the most successful conductive polymers, was obtained from 3,4-ethylenedioxyselenophene (89) using different polymerization techniques. These were oxidative chemical polymerization, solid-state polymerization, transition metal-mediated polymerization, and electrochemical polymerization (Scheme 46) [293, 294], The derivatives of PEDOS having the... 

Poly(ferrocenylethylenes) 31 possess ferrocene units which are further separated from one another than in polymers derived from [IJferro-cenophanes, where electrochemical evidence is indicative of the presence of substantial cooperative interactions between the iron centers. In contrast, studies of the electrochemistry of 31 (R = Me) showed the presence of only a single reversible oxidation wave (Fig. 11), indicating that the ferrocene groups interact to much less significant extent (63). 

Pyrroles annulated with various kinds of polycyclic aromatic compounds such as the pyrrolo benzothiadiazole (578) have been claimed to be good precursors for polypyrroles. The polymers derived from (578) have a lowered band gap and interesting properties such as the high stability of the cation radicals formed by electrochemical oxidation. They also show ESR signals which are not affected after storage at room temperature for long periods of time in a laboratory atmosphere, <94CC1019>. 

J. Yano, The transformation of electroinactive polymers derived from aniline derivatives into electroactive and functional polymers. 2. Making poly(N,N-di-N-butylaniline) films have anion exchangeability and selective potential response to dissolved iodide ions, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 1991,138, 455. 

Polythiophene has been synthesized chemically by polycondensation reactions of difunctionalized thio-phene derivatives (starting from 2.S-dihalothiophene) as well as by electropolymerization of thiophene itself. One may also start with bithiophene, terthiophene or higher oligomers of thiophene in order to prepare polymers with thiophene systems, but with differing properties, especially with regard to the electrochemical behaviour. 

Deglycosylation of the polyarbutin gave poly(l,4-dihydroxy-2,6-phenylene). This polymer was different from the electrochemically synthesised polyhydroquinone, which is poly(l,4-dihydroxy-2,5-phenylene). Kobayashi and co-workers [194] synthesised a new kind of polyhydroquinone derivative with a mixture of phenylene and oxyphenylene units using peroxidases (horseradish and soybean) to catalyse the polymerisation of 4-hydroxyphenyl benzoate and the snbsequent hydrolysis of the resulting polymer (Scheme 12.18). Similarly, Tripathy and co-workers [195] synthesised a photoactive azopolymer, poly(4-phenylazophenol), via HRP-catalysed polymerisation in acetone and sodium phosphate buffer bilirubin oxidase (EC 1.3.3.5) was shown to catalyse the regioselective polymerisation of 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene to a polymer in a mixed solvent composed of dioxane, ethylacetate and acetate buffer [196]. 

Effect of Treatment with Tannic, Gallic and Phosphoric Acids on the Electrochemical Behaviour of Rusted Steel. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 37, No. 11, (September 1992), pp. 1983-1985, ISSN 00134686 Gandini, A. Belgacem, M.N. (2002). Recent contributions to the preparation of polymers derived from renewable resources. Journal of Polymers and Environment, Vol. 10, No.3, (July 2002), pp. 105-14, ISSN 1572-8900... 

In addition to PPy and PTh derivatives, numerous reports have focused on the synthesis and the properties of electroactive polymer films electrogenerated from the oxidation of crown ether-substituted benzenes [273-286] and naphthalenes [17, 287-293]. Among them, poly(dibenzo-crown ether)s and, especially, poly(dibenzo-18-crown-6) have been the most extensively studied, owing to their remarkable structural, electrochemical, and complexing properties [278-280]. Furthermore, their affinity for a large variety of cations, including heavy metal and precious metal cations, was greatly improved when they were previously undoped [281-286]. 

Generally highly electrically conductive materials arising from polythiophene are available from the appropriate polythiophene with processable properties after oxidation with an oxidant in order to produce the oxidized form (p-type doped form) or after reduction with a reductant to produce the reduced form (n-type doped form) of the polymer in the case of chemical preparation. In the case of electrochemical formation of polythiophene or its derivatives starting from thiophene or suitable derivatives automatically the oxidized, neutral or reduced form of the electrically conductive material can be built up. 

The conductivity of more than two orders of magnitude lower compared to PProDOT (and, of course, compared to PEDOT) must have steric reasons. It is probably a result of the morphology of this polymer the electrochemical in situ experiments revealed that a dendritic structure was observed, clearly different from that of the other EDOT- and ProDOT-derived polymers with a cloud-shaped appearance. ... 

Diselosed is a proeess for the simultaneous production of dicarboxylic acids and diamines from a) polymers based on polyamides of dicarboxylic acids or their derivatives with diamines or b) compositions containing essentially such polymers. It involves treating these polymers or compounds with a base in alcoholic medium and subsequently converting the resulting dicarboxylate salts electrochemically into the corresponding dicarboxylic acids and bases. 

Figure 13 shows the irreversible conversion of a nonconjugated poly (p-phenylene pentadienylene) to a lithiun-doped conjugated derivative which has a semiconducting level of conductivity (0.1 to 1.0 S/cm) (29). Obviously, the neutral conjugated derivative of poly (p-phenylene pentadienylene) can then be reversibly generated from the n-type doped material by electrochemical undoping or by p-type compensation. A very similar synthetic method for the conversion of poly(acetylene-co-1,3-butadiene) to polyacetylene has been reported (30), Figure 14. This synthesis of polyacetylene from a nonconjugated precursor polymer containing isolated CH2 units in an otherwise conjugated chain is to be contrasted with the early approach of Marvel et al (6) in which an all-sp3 carbon chain was employed.

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