Polymerization of nucleotides

Polymerization of nucleotides occurs through the sugar and phosphate groups so that the polymers consist of a sugar-phosphate backbone having pendent bases. 

Nucleic acid Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nudeic adds are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH]... 

Many enzymes have been named by adding the suffix -ase to the name of their substrate or to a word or phrase describing their activity. Thus urease catalyzes hydrolysis of urea, and DNA polymerase catalyzes the polymerization of nucleotides to form DNA. Other enzymes were named by their discovers for a broad func-... 

Polymerization of nucleotides is an imperative for the story to come off. Clearly, catalysis by proteinaceous enzymes is a higher level complexity that had to await completion of the nucleic acid polymers. The recent discovery of nucleic acid catalysis has built a bridge between the nucleic acid and the protein world8 and simultaneously cracked open the door to the multiple origin world. Nucleic acid catalysts were not as versatile and efficient as proteineaceous ones, but catalysts nonetheless. 

Homopoly(deoxyribonucleotides) up to the decamers may be rapidly obtained by polymerization of nucleotides (IV-protected, where necessary) and resolution of the resulting homologs. The DCC-cata-... 

The polymerization of nucleotides to form DNA and RNA is catalyzed by various enzymes called nucleases, which serve in a selective manner (Aktipis, in Devlin, 1986, p. 802). Generally known as DNases and RNases, listings of various kinds with inhibitors are presented in Appendix E and F of Hoffman (1999a). 

DNA polymerase - catalyzes the chemical reactions for polymerization of nucleotides. 

RNA polymerase is an enzyme that makes RNA using DNA as a template. RNA polymerase uses the nucleoside triphosphates, ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP (uridine triphosphate) to make RNA. The nucleoside bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil pair with the bases thymine, cytosine, guanine, and adenine, respectively, in DNA to make RNA. Like DNA polymerase (see here), RNA polymerases catalyze polymerization of nucleotides only in the 5 to 3 direction. Unlike DNA polymerases, however, RNA polymerases do not require a primer to initiate synthesis. 

In present-day cells, amino acids (the monomers) combine by polymerization to form proteins, nucleotides (also monomers) combine to form nucleic acids, and the polymerization of sugar monomers produces polysaccharides. Polymerization experiments with amino acids carried out under early-Earth conditions have produced proteinlike polymers. Similar experiments have been done on the abiotic polymerization of nucleotides and sugars, which tends to happen less readily than the polymerization of amino acids. Proteins and nucleic acids play a key role in life processes. 

The polymerization of nucleotides gives rise to nucleic acids. The linkage between monomers in nucleic acids involves formation of two ester bonds by phosphoric acid. The hydroxyl groups to which the phosphoric acid is esterified are those bonded to the 3 and 5 carbons on adjacent residues. The resulting repeated linkage is a 3, 5 -phosphodiester bond. The nucleotide residues of nucleic acids are numbered from the 5 end, which normally carries a phosphate group, to the 3 end, which normally has a free hydroxyl group. 

Nucleic acids are polynucleotides, i.e., they are formed by the polymerization of nucleotides. The reaction involves dehydration between nucleotide molecules, specifically dehydration between the OH group at C-3 of one nucleotide molecule and the phosphate group at C-5 of another nucleotide molecule. The linkage joining one nucleotide residue to another is a phosphodiester linkage. Consider the reaction of UMP with CMP via dehydration between the HO group at C-3 of UMP and the phosphate group at C-5 of CMP to produce the dinucleotide UMP-CMP. 

We focus on the enzymic polymerization of nucleotides in a reversed micellar system utilizing the liquid/solid interface. 

IV. STUDY OF ENZYMIC POLYMERIZATION OF NUCLEOTIDES IN A REVERSED MICELLAR SYSTEM AS A DEVELOPMENT OF BIOPOLYMER SYNTHESIS UTILIZING THE LIQUID-SOLID INTERFACE... 

AMV Reverse transcriptase isolated from avian myeloblastosis virus. This enzyme catalyzes the polymerization of nucleotides and characterized by RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity besides the RNase H activity but lacks the 3 -5 exonuclease activity. The RNase H activity can cause the degradation of the RNA strand of an RNA DNA duplex, which is a disadvantage that can limit the complete synthesis of the total cDNA. The AMV Reverse Transcriptase is suitable for reverse transcription of fragments containing secondary structure due to its high optimum temperature (42 °C) for its activity. 

Polynucleotides have molar masses ranging from about 25,000 for tRNA molecules to billions for human DNA. The sequence of nucleotides in the polymer chain (as shown by the base sequence) is its primary structure. Polynucleotides are formed by the polymerization of nucleotides to make esters. As an example, Eigure 15.21b shows three monomers condensed to a trinucleotide. 

Template-induced polymerization of nucleotides. The idea is to have one single-stranded polynucleotide (e.g. poly A) as guest in reverse micelles, as well as an excess of mononucleotide (e. g. U or of short oligomers thereof). The binding A=U should produce an array of U lined up to the poly A matrix, and the polymerization should then take place by chemical activation. The process, if successful, can lead to any series of block copolymers or random copolymers. 

All nucleic acids are usually synthesized by DNA template-guided polymerization of nucleotides— ribonucleotides for RNA and deoxy(ribo)nucleotides for DNA. The reactant monomers are 5 ribonucleoside (or deoxyri-bonucleoside) triphosphates. These can be described in the following chemical equations ... 

---