Polymer electrolyte membrane sulfonated polyimides

Okamoto, K. 2003. Sulfonated polyimides for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technolgy 16 247-254. 

S. Sundar, W. Jang, C. Lee, Y. Shul and H. Han, Crosslinked sulfonated polyimide networks as polymer electrolyte membranes in fuel cells, J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 43, 2370-2379 (2005). 

Yang, SJ., Jang, W., Lee, C., Shul, Y.G., Han, H. (2005) The effect of crosshnked networks with poly(ethylene glycol) on sulfonated polyimide for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics, 43, 1455 1464. 

Song, Y, Jin, Y, Liang, Q., Li, K., Zhang, Y, Hu, W, Jiang, Z., Liu, B., Novel sulfonated polyimides containing multiple cyano groups for polymer electrolyte membranes, J. Power Sources, 2013, 238, 236-244. 

Hu, Z., Yin, Y, Okamoto, K., Moriyama, Y, Morikawa, A., Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated polyimides from 2,2 -bw(4-sulfophenyl)-4,4 -oxydianiline as polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications, J. Membr. ScL, 2009, 329, 146-152. 

Nonfluorinated polymers such as sulfonated polyimides, polystyrene sulfonic acid, sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfones), polyphosphazene, polybenzimidazole, sulfonatedpolysulfone, sulfonated poly(phthala-zinone ether ketone), and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) have been developed as a potential electrolyte membrane for DMFC [4,6,16-23]. 

Several non-fluorinated alternative polymers have been proposed for DAFC, mainly based on sulfonated ionomers with an aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbon skeleton [7], Kim and Pivovar [4] have reported the number of DMFC alternative membranes papers appearing in open hterature for years 1994—2004, showing that polyarylenes, polyvinyl alcohols, grafted and block polystyrenes copolymers, and polyimides were among the most studies polymer electrolytes. In view of the dramatic increase in the number of publications since 2005 (see Fig. 6.1), the trends have changed, as shown in Table 6.1, which sununaiized the publications in open literature for the period 2005-2012, as compared to the previous period. 

Kabasawa A, Saito J, Yano H, Miyatake K, Uchida H et al. (2009) Durability of a novel sulfonated polyimide membrane in polymer electrolyte fuel cell operation . Electrvchimica Acta 54 1086. 

Y. Yin, S. Hayashi, O. Yamada, H. Kita and K. -I. Okamoto, Branched/crosslinked sulfonated polyimide membranes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 26, 696-700 (2005). 

Aoki, M., Asano, N., Miyatake, K., Uchida, H., Watanabe, M. (2006) DurabiUty of sulfonated polyimide membrane evaluated by long-term polymer electrolyte fuel cell operation. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 153, A1154—A1158. 

Moreover, sulfonated polyimides (SPIs) have been used to prepare polymer electrolyte manbranes for nonhumidified fuel cells by the addition of a protic ionic liquid, diethylmethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate [demaJCCFjSOs] (See Fig. 9.6) [78, 79]. The uniform, tough, and transparent membranes have good thermal stability (>300 °C) and ionic conductivity (>10 S cm with an ionic liquid content higher than 67 %) under anhydrous conditions. A current density higher than 240 mA cm is achieved with a maximum power density of 100 mW cm at 80 °C when using a membrane in the H2/O2 fuel cell operation under dry conditions. 

Endo, N., Matsuda, K., Yaguchi, K., Hu, Z., Chen, K., Higa, M., Okamoto, K., Cross-linked sulfonated polyimide membranes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2009,156, B628-B633. 

Sulfonated polyimide hybrid membranes for polymer electrolyte fuel cell ap>plications.. Power Sources, 195, 5856-586, ISSN 0378-7753. 

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