Polyhydroxyalkanoates preparation

TABLE 1. Physical Properties of Selected Polyhydroxyalkanoate Derivatives Containing Amide or Sulfonic Acid Components Prepared According to the Current Invention... 

Injectable liquid polyhydroxyalkanoate compositions consisting of the transesterification product of poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) with 1,3-butanediol were prepared by Williams et al. (3) and used in soft tissue repair, augmentation, and viscosupplementation in humans. 

Biodegradable carboxy aromatic polyhydroxyalkanoate resins, (II), having high thermal stability were prepared by Fukui et al. (4) and used as toners in electrophotographic processes. 

Park S, Yang T, Kang H, Lee S, Lee E, Kim T (2008a) New polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase mutant, useful for preparing lactate polymer or lactate copolymer. W02008062999-A1 KR2008047279-A... 

A large number of natural polymers could be easily prepared from animals and plants. These include cellulose, chitin, starch, soy protein, casein, hemicelluloses alginates, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates etc. They have many attractive... 

Chaturvedi V, Tanaka S, Kaeriyama K (1992) Preparation of poly(p-phenylene) via processable precursors. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 22 1658-1659 Chen GQ (2009) A polyhydroxyalkanoates based bio- and materials industry. Chem Soc Rev. doi 10.1039/b812677c... 

Jendrossek D (2007) Peculiarities of PHA granules preparation and PHA depolymerase activity determination. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 74 1186—1196 Jendrossek D, Htmdrick R (2002) Microbial degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Annu Rev Microbiol 56 403- 32... 

Noda I, Green PR, Satkowski MM, Schechtman LA (2005) Preparation and properties of a novel class of polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymers. Biomacromolecules 6 580-586 Omidvar V, Akmar ASN, Marziah M, Maheran AA (2008) A transient assay to evaluate the expression of polyhydroxybutyrate genes regulated by oil palm mesocarp-spedfic promoter. Plant Cell Rep 27 1451-1459... 

Renard E, Poux A, Timbart L, Langlois V, Guilin P (2005) Preparation of a novel aitificial bacterial polyester modified with pendant hydroxyl groups. Biomacromolecules 6 891-896 Renard E, Tanguy PY, Samtiin E, Guerin P (2003a) Synthesis of novel polyhydroxyalkanoates. Macromol Symp 197 11-18... 

Renard E, Temat C, Langlois V, Guerin P (2(X)3b) Synthesis of graft bacterial polyesters for nanoparticles preparation. Macromol Biosci 3 248-252 Renard E, Walls M, Guerin P, Langlois V (2004) Hydrolytic degradation of blends of poly hydroxyalkanoates and functionalized polyhydroxyalkanoates. Polym Degrad Stab 85 779-787... 

Aliphatic polyesters may be classified into two groups, depending on the bond constitution of the monomCTs poly(hydroxy acid)s i.e. polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)) and polyfalkylene dicarboxylate)s [68]. The former are polymers of hydroxy acids (a, p,...(i)-hydroxy acids), obtained by ring-opening polymerization or polycondensation reactions. The latter are S3uithesized by the polycondensation reaction of diols with dicarboxylic acids. Aldonic and aldaric acids can be used to prepare both groups of polyesters. 

Asrar J, Mitsky TA, Shah DT (2000) Polyhydroxyalkanoates of narrow molecular weight distribution prepared in transgenic plants. Monsanto Company, St Louis, MO... 

Munieva, A.V., Shishatskaya, E.I., Kuzmina, A.M., Volova, T.G., Sinskey, A.J., 2013. Microparticles prepared from biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates as matrix for encapsulation of cytostatic drug. Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine 24 (8), 1905-1915. 

T. Gerard and T. Budtova, Preparation and characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) andpolylactide (PLA) blends, presented in part at the 27th World Congress of the Polymer Processing Society, Polymer Processing Society, Morocco, 2011. 

Several excellent reviews have appeared, dealing with various aspects of the preparation, production, and properties of polyhydroxyalkanoates [1-5]. In the present review, the potential of PHAs will be discussed for high volume application, packaging being the main target. The drawbacks will be shown and possible ways of remediation will be outlined. A major part of the review is devoted to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), which is the simplest species in PHA homologous series. 

Polyhydroxyalkanoates and polyhydroxybutyrate in particular may be considered as rather controversial polymers. PHB is sometimes referred to as a material that appeared too early, before its time has came. To summarize, PHAs are prepared from renewable resources and are fully biodegradable. They outperform most of the other biodegradable polymers and many synthetic plastics in properties, notably mechanical strength and modulus, resistance to water and moisture due to high hydrophobicity, high crystallinity and several other physical properties such as barrier behavior or piezoelectricity. 

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