Polyacrylates applications

The combination of durability and clarity and the ability to tailor molecules relatively easily to specific applications have made acryflc esters prime candidates for numerous and diverse applications. At normal temperatures the polyacrylates are soft polymers and therefore tend to find use in applications that require flexibility or extensibility. However, the ease of copolymerizing the softer acrylates with the harder methacrylates, styrene, acrylonitrile, and vinyl acetate, allows the manufacture of products that range from soft mbbers to hard nonfilm-forming polymers. 

N. P. Chilcott, D. A. Phillips, M. G. Sanders, I. R. Collins, and A. Gyani. The development and application of an accurate assay technique for sulphonated polyacrylate co-polymer oilfield scale inhibitors. 2nd Annu SPE Oilfield Scale Int Symp (Aberdeen, Scotland, 1/26-1/27), 2000. 

The effect of pH on both clay swelling and fines production has been widely discussed(89-95). Little consensus is found in this literature. Suggested treatments range from application of fluoboric acid(96) to 15% KOH(92) solutions — both treatments are believed to create a protective silicate film that inhibits release of fines. Polyacrylate polymers can provide protection against swelling of smectite clays and shales(97-100). 

A product is only considered to be totally biodegradable if all its single components can be degraded naturally. Currently, pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA) are mostly based on non-biodegradable synthetic polymers such as polyacrylates, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers and styrene block copolymers [124]. Therefore there is a growing demand for the application of biodegradable PSAs on naturally degradable products like paper and cardboard. 

The first section, Chemical Reactions on Polymers, deals with aspects of chemical reactions occurring on polymers—aspects relating to polymer size, shape, and composition are described in detail. One of the timely fields of applications comprises the use of modified polymers as catalysts (such as the immobilization of centers for homogeneous catalysis). This topic is considered in detail in Chapters 2, 3, 8, 9, and 11 and dealt with to a lesser extent in other chapters. The use of models and neighboring group effect(s) is described in detail. The modification of polymers for chemical and physical change is also described in detail in Chapters 2 (polystyrene) 4 (polyvinyl chloride) 5 (polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethyleneimine, and polyacrylamide) 6 (polyimides) 7 (polyvinyl alcohol) 8 (polystyrene sulfonate and polyvinylphosphonate) 10 (polyacrylamide) and 12 (organotin carboxylates). 

What practical applications might the sodium polyacrylate polymer be used for ... 

The electrolyte is usually 20-28% aqueous solution of KOH. Solid-state compositions of KOH aqueous electrolyte obtained by addition of poly(ethylene oxide) [345] or polymer based electrolyte (based on polyacrylates) were also proposed [346]. For low temperature applications, higher concentrations of KOH were used, while for higher temperatures, sodium hydroxide was sometimes applied. The influence of the temperature from 0 to 200 °C, pressure and electrolyte concentration on the thermodynamic parameters of the cells, was studied in detail [347]. 

Ionic conductivity can be found in polyelectrolytes such as the salts of polyacrylic acid, sulfonated polystyrene or quaternized polvamines (ion-exchange resins). When dry, these materials have low conductivities. However, in tiie presence of small amounts of polar solvents or water—some of these polyelectrolytes are somewhat hygroscopic electrical conductivity can be observed. The currents are earned by ions (protons, for instance). Such systems can only be used in cases where very small currents are expected. Large currents would result in observable electrochemical changes of the materials, In applications as antistatic electricity coatings, conductivities of 10-b ohm-1 cm-1 are sufficient,... 

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