Poly fumarate

Polyanhydrides based on unsaturated and fatty acid-derived monomers are shown in Table III. Poly(fumaric acid) (PFA) was fist synthesized by Domb et al. (1991) by both melt polycondensation and solution polymerization. The copolymer of fumaric acid and sebacic acid (P(FA-SA)) has been synthesized and characterized (Domb et al., 1991 Mathiowitz et al., 1990b). The mucoadhesive properties of this polymer... 

Thanos CG, Liu Z, Reineke J, Edwards E, Mathiowitz E. Improving relative bioavailability of dicumarol by reducing particle size and adding the adhesive poly(fumaric-co-sebacic) anhydride. Pharm Res 2003 20(7) 1093-1100. 

Microspheres (10 to 200 pm in diameter) of poly(fumaric acid—cose-bacic acid) anhydride (20 80) [P(FA SA)] were shown to exhibit very strong and pronounced mucoadhesive properties both in vitro and in vivo.143 145 The microspheres were tested for their effect on GI transit of low-molecular-weight drugs salicylic acid and dicumarol. As compared with the control (drug-loaded alginate microspheres of similar size), the P(FA SA) microspheres significantly delayed the GI transit of these drugs in rats.145... 

Chickering, D.E. Jacob, J.S. Desai, T.A. Harrison, M. Harris, W.P. Morrell, C.N. Chaturvedi, P. Mathiowitz, E. Bioadhesive microspheres HI. An in vivo transit and bioavailability study of drug-loaded alginate and poly(fumaric-co-sebacic anhydride) microspheres. J. Con-troll Release 1997, 48, 35-46. 

The SA-FA copolymers displayed nearly constant degradation rates and drug release rates under physiological conditions. The time for complete degradation of poly(fumaric acid) and poly(sebacic acid) oecured in 2 and 15 days, respectively, while their copolymers degraded within this range. Radical copolymerization of styrene and methylmethacrylate with the polyanhydrides resulted in crosslinked insoluble polymers [40]. 

Chickering, D., Jacob, J., Mathiowitz, E. Poly(fumaric-ct>-sebacic) microspheres as oral drug delivery systems. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 52, 96,1996. 

Alternatively, acid-based polyanhydrides such as poly(fumaric anhydrides) and poly(maleic anhydrides) have raised interest because of the capacity of anhydrides to progressively hydrolyse in the presence of physiological fluids, leading to the production of high amounts of carboxylic groups on the surface of the dosage form, which have been shown to enhance bioadhesiveness of the matrix, thus increasing its residence time at the mucosal surfaces. 

Unsaturated Poly (fumaric anhydride) Poly (4,4 -stilbene dicarboxylic acid anhydride) Homopolymers are crystalline and insoluble in organic solvents, copolymers with aliphatic acids renders it less crystalline and soluble in chlorinated hydrocarbons. 

PS-fc-PI diblock copolymers [65], poly(fumarate)s or poly(acrylate)s [131], lamellar structures are found in nearly all cases if the number of m is not too small. The backbone and its flexibility seem to have only marginal influence. In simple terms, the strong phase separation into areas with fluorinated segments and areas with the nonfluorinated rest seems to be the first principle in structure formation. Whereas in sf alkanes besides lamellar structures also hexagonally packed cylinder structures are possible [128], the attachment of the. segments as side chain onto the polymer backbone prevents structure modifications with other symmetries. 

Noguchi H, Michinobu T, Fujii N, Funahashi M, Tokita M, Watanabe J, et al. Side chain liquid crystal poly(fumarate)s rearing tolane-based mesogens. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 2008 46 5101-14. 

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