Point resistances

Song et al. [16] reported results relative to a four-point resistivity measurement on a large bundle of carbon nanotubes (60 um diameter and 350 tm in length between the two potential contacts). They explained their resistivity, magnetoresistance, and Hall effect results in terms of a conductor that could be modeled as a semimetal. Figures 4 (a) and (b) show the magnetic field dependence they observed on the high- and low-temperature MR, respectively. 

Vicat softening point Resistance to flow Thermal resistance... 

The metal films polish rates (Ti, TiN, and W) were measured on Prometrix 4-point resistivity probe. Oxide loss on blanket and fully integrated wafers were measured on KLA-Tencor UV1280. In-line SEM was used for defect inspection. 

As an example, the Fig. 13.8 demonstrates screen-shots of data analysis for absolute (upper panel) and relative (lower panel) sensitivities. Polymerization charge was varied. In the bottom part of the screen, an operator can select the analyte concentration range for the data analysis, data for either 2 or 4-point resistance measurement mode, abscissa-axis and information on the design of the combinatorial library. In the left part of the screen, an operator can select one of the analyzed parameters initial conductance, changes of conductivity, relative changes in conductivity, resistivity, changes of resistivity, relative changes of resistivity, kinetics... 

Low freezing point Resistance to freezing lessens the chance of solid formation and clogging of the column. See 2 on boiling point (vapor pressure). 

Zimin, each frictional element is assumed to be a point and the hydro-dynamic interactions between these elements and the solvent are described by the Oseen tensor (23,35). This method is derived from solution of the Navier-Stokes equation assuming the existence of point resistances (34). Although frictional elements of finite size were used in the calculation of translational friction coefficients by Edwards and Oliver (35,36), they have not been applied to the intrinsic viscosity or to dynamic mechanical properties to date. 

Fig. 10.11. A sample suitably shaped for four-point resistivity measurements is prepared for transmission eleetron mieroseopy. The hole formed by dimpling from the substrate side followed by ion milling is positioned sueh that both grain boundaries (arrows) ean be observed by TEM [10.19].

REFRACTORY Having a high melting point, resistant to melting. Refractory materials... 

A.C. magnetic susceptibility data were taken using a Quantum Technology Corp. Meissner Probe operating at a frequency of 20kHz and a maximum a.c. field of 1 Oe. Resistivity was measured with a four-point resistance meter (Kelthley 580) using Indium contacts to the sample pellet. 

CPT determination of end bearing for sands and clays The CPT method can be used to determine the unit point resistance for either sand or clay using the following relations (de Ruiter, 1975 Toolan and Fox, 1977 de Ruiter and Beringen, 1979). 

Limit values of point resistance of driven piles. OCR, overconsolidation ratio. (From de Ruiter, I. and Beringen, F.L., Marine Geotech., 3,267-314,1979. Reprinted with permission of Taylor Francis Group.)... 

Point damping and side damping Skin friction Point resistance... 

PROPERTIES OF SPECIAL INTEREST Relatively low melting point resistance to solvents, particularly hydrocarbons, and resistance to aqueous zinc chloride low water absorption stiffness abrasion resistance dimensional stability. 

Figure 4.11 presents design criteria for shallow footings with the bearing pressures intended to be values that produce a maximum settlement to the order of one inch. It is assumed that the value of point resistance, qc is representative of the soil zone below the base of the footing to a depth extending approximately 1.55 further, and the water table is deep. 

Density (kg/m ) Tensile strength (N/mm ) Coefficient of linear (1(H/ C) Specific heat capacity (J/(kg"0) Thermal conductivity Melting point Resistivity... 

A similar effect could be reached in drying gelatin and casein gels. These effects, which are of some interest from a technical point of view, can be interpreted in that the junction point spectrum of the gel is broadened and more permanent junction points, resistant to the action of water, are being formed as a result of the special treatment. The phenomenon can be classified as representing a hysteresis of contraction. 

Tetrahydrofurfurylacrylate gives a polymer for a high boiling point, resistivity to curving, and high-speed hardening ... 

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