Point analysis providing molecular and crystalline structure

4 Point analysis providing molecular and crystalline structure 

Further improvement of microchemical methods for proteinaceous media was based on immunological techniques. The high specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction enables the discrimination of the same protein coming from different species, or the detection of multiple antigens in the same sample. Application to the analysis of artwork has been reported in two types of immunological techniques immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) [31]. 

New portable spectrometers have been used for in situ analyses. Powder x-ray microdiffraction instruments or those with highly collimated and parallel x-ray beams have also been used for characterizing cultural goods. 

Photoluminescence spectroscopy provides information on the composition of the painting surface and the presence of retouchings and overpainting. This technique has progressively evolved using laser sources, giving rise to laser-induced fluorescence (LIP) spectroscopy [35]. 

Infrared spectroscopy is a widely used technique in the field of art and art conservation due to its versatility and ability to provide structural information on both inorganic and organic materials, the small amount of sample required, and minimum pretreatment. 

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