Pneumonia pneumococcal, treatment

The population studied should also be appropriate to the disorder. For example, in a study of antibiotics for pneumococcal pneumonia, the subject population should have this disease and not a viral pneumonitis. The same applies for an antipsychotic, which should not be studied in populations such as chronic, treatment-resistant or agitated, developmentally disabled patients. If studying an agent thought to benefit treatment resistance, however, one might deliberately select a patient population that satisfied such criteria. 

Benzathine penicillin and procaine penicillin G for intramuscular injection yield low but prolonged drug levels. A single intramuscular injection of benzathine penicillin, 1.2 million units, is effective treatment for 3-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis given intramuscularly once every 3-4 weeks, it prevents reinfection. Benzathine penicillin G, 2.4 million units intramuscularly once a week for 1-3 weeks, is effective in the treatment of syphilis. Procaine penicillin G, formerly a work horse for treating uncomplicated pneumococcal pneumonia or gonorrhea, is rarely used now because many strains are penicillin-resistant. 

Davidson R et al Resistance to levofloxacin and failure of treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2002 346 747.[PMID 11882730]... 

Disease that is segmental or lobar in its distribution is usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Haemophilus influenzae is a rare cause in this group, although it more often leads to exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and does cause pneumonia in patients infected with HIV. Benzyl-penicillin i.v. or amoxicillin p.o. are the treatments of choice if pneumococcal pneumonia is very likely alternatively, use erythromycin/clarithromycin in a penicillin-allergic patient. Seriously ill patients are best given benzylpenicillin (to cover the pneumococcus) plus ciprofloxacin (to cover Haemophilus and atypical pathogens). Where penicillin-resistant pneumococci are prevalent, i.v. cefotaxime is a reasonable best guess choice. 

Penicillin, a naturally occurring antibiotic, is indicated in the treatment of group A streptococcal upper respiratory infections, prophylaxis of poststreptococcal rheumatic fever, syphihs of less than one year s duration, moderate to severe systemic infections, uncomphcated gonorrhea, pneumococcal pneumonia, and endocarditis prophylaxis for dental surgery (see Table 23). 

Items 75-76 A 52-year-old insurance agent receiving chemotherapy for leukemia is given intramuscular cefazolin (500 mg) for treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia Within a few minutes, he is wheezing, develops an urticarial rash, and his systolic blood pressure falls markedly. The patient recovers following the administration of epinephrine, dexamethasone, and fluids. 

Ahem JJ, Kirby WMM. Lack of interference of aureomycin with peniciUin in treatment of pneumococcic pneumonia. Arch Intern Med (1953) 91,197-203. 

It has been suggested that lactoferrin may only confer beneficial immune effects when consumed in the form of breast milk (Lonnerdal, 2003). When added to infant formula, lactoferrin may be affected by its prior bioactivity how it was added (blended or dissolved) and extent of heat treatment of the formula (Lonnerdal, 2003). There is evidence that lactoferrin can be inactivated by invading pathogens or even enhance microbial pathogenicity. For example, the pneumococcal surface protein A of Streptococcus pneumoniae was reported to bind to lactoferrin and protect the bacteria from the killing action of lactoferrin (Ward et ah, 2005). 

The advent in recent years of (2-hydroxyethyl)apocupreine, the sulfonamides, and penicillin and other antibiotic substances (such as aureo-mycin, terramycin, and chloramphenicol), which provide effective treatment for pneumonia, has in no way diminished the interest shown earlier in the pneumococcal polysaccharides. In this article, we have endeavored to bring up to date the developments that have taken place in this field and, in particular, to emphasize the value of immunological techniques in determining the structure of polysaccharides. 

THERAPEUTIC USES TeUthromycin is approved for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia of mUd-to-moderate severity in patients >18 years old. Although teUthromycm is not indicated for treatment of severe pneumonia or bacteremia, almost 90% of patients who proved to have pneumococcal bacteremia were chnicaUy cured after taking it. In premarketing trials of telithromydn on patients with community-acquired pneumonia caused by multiple-drug-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae, over 90% of patients were cured. 

Causes of death have been cachexia (Knox and Ramsey 1932), pneumonia (SiEGMUND 1921), heart failure (Niemann 1914, Bloom 1928), pneumococcal meningitis (Bloom 1928), enteritis (Giampalmo 1953) or other infections to which the debilitated infants are very susceptible. Today, prevention or treatment of complications may result in a more protracted course of the disease, and sequelae of the primary lesion may preponderate as cause of death. 

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