Platinum group elements environment

Rauch, S., Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B., Molina, L.T., Molina, M.J., Ramos, R. and Hemond, H.F. (2006) Platinum group elements in airborne particles in Mexico City Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 7554. 

ICP-MS is useful for analysis of catalysts from two perspectives The composition of the catalysts must be carefully controlled, particularly because the active elements are often expensive. The catalysts are often finely distributed in a substrate material so their concentration in the bulk material may be quite low. Second, catalysts, particularly those used in automotive catalytic converters, can be a significant source of platinum group elements in the environment. Re and Pt have been measured in catalysts by ICP-MS [193], Procedures for the analysis of used catalytic converter materials by ICP-MS have been reported [355]. Accurate measurements are essential for many of these applications so isotope dilution-based concentration calibration is commonly used. 

Rehkamper, M., Halliday, A. N., Barfod, D., Fitton, J.G., and Dawson, J.B. (1997a) Platinum group element abundance patterns in different mantle environments. Science 278, 1595-1598. 

Cicchella, D., Fedele, L., De Vivo, B., Albanese, S., and Lima, A. (2008a). Platinum group element distribution in the soils from urban areas of Campania region (Italy). Geochem. Explor. Environ. Anal. 8, 31—40. 

Rosner, G., and Merget, R. (2000). Evaluation of the health risk of platinum emissions from automotive emissions control catalysts. In Anthropogenic Platinum-Group Element Emissions. Their Impact on Man and Environment (F. Zereini and F. Alt, eds.), pp. 267—281. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 

Zereini, F., Skerstupp, B., Alt, F., Helmers, E., and Urban, H. (1994). Geochemical behaviour of platinum group elements (PGE) in particulate emissions by automobile exhaust catalysts Experimental results and environmental investigations. Sci. Total Environ. 206, 137—146. 

B. Stenbom, M. Luna, J. C. Saenz, J. SantamarPlatinum-group elements quantisation in collected exhaust fumes and studies of catalyst surfaces, Sci. Total Environ., 257 (2000), ID 15. 

C. McLeod, R. Ma, S. Caroli, A. Alimonti, F. Petrucci, B. Bocca, P. Schramel, M. Zischka, C. Pettersson, U. Wass, Levels and risk assessment for humans and ecosystems of platinum group elements in the airborne particles of some European cities, Sci. Total Environ., 299 (2002), ID 19. 

J. Schafer, J. D. Eckhardt, Z. A. Berner, D. Stuben, Time-dependent increase of tralfrc-emilted platinum group elements (PGE) in different environmental compartments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33 (1999), 3166D3170. 

T. Hees, B. Wenclawiak, S. Lustig, P. Schramel, M. Schwarzer, M. Schuster, D. Verstraete, R. Dams, E. Helmers, Distribution of Platinum Group Elements (Pt, Pd, Rh) in environmental and clinical matrices composition, analytical techniques and scientihc outlook, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 5 (1998), 105D111. 

J. Begerow, L. Dunemann, Internal platinum and palladium exposure of the general population with emphasis on the exposure from automobile exhaust and dental restorative alloys, in F. Zereini, F. Alt (eds), Anthropogenic Platinum-group Element emissions. Their Impact on Man and Environment, Springer, Berlin, 2000, pp. 227 D 236. 

B. A. Lesniewska, J. Messerschmidt, N. Jakubowski, A. Hulanicki, Bioaccumulation of platinum group elements and characterization of their species in Lolium multi-Borum by size-exclusion chromatography coupled with ICP-MS, Sci. Total Environ., 322(1D3) (2004), 95D108. 

Zereini, F., Alt, F. (eds.) Anthropogenic platinum-group element emissions. Their impact on men and environment. Springer, Berlin (2000)... 

Ravindra, K., Bencs, L., Van Grieken, R. Platinum group elements in the environment and their health risk. Sci. Total Environ. 318, 1 3 (2004)... 

Ek, K.H., Morrison, G.M., Rauch, S. Environmental routes for platinum group elements to biological materials - a review. Sci. Total Environ. 334—335, 21-38 (2004)... 

Wiseman, C.L., Zereini, F. Airborne particulate matter, platinum group elements and human health a review of recent evidence. Sci. Total Environ. 407, 2493-2500 (2009)... 

Hutchinson, E.J., Farago, M.E., Simpson, P.R. Changes in platinum concentrations in soils and dusts from UK cities. In Zereini, F., Alt, F. (eds.) Anthropogenic platinum-group element emissions. Their impact on men and environment, pp. 57-64. Springer, Berlin (2000)... 

Matusiewicz, H., Lesinski, M. Electrodeposition sample introduction for ultra trace determinations of platinum group elements (Pt, Pd, Rh and Ru) in road dust by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 82, 207-223 (2002)... 

Schafer, J., Hannker, D., Eckhardt, J.D., Stiiben, D. Uptake of traffic-related heavy metals and platinum group elements (PGE) by plants. Sci. Total Environ. 215, 59-67 (1998)... 

Paiacios MA, Gomez MM, Moldovan M, Mor-EisoN G, Rauch S, McLeod C, Li R, Laserna J, Lucena P, Caeoli S, Alimonti A, Schramel P, Lustig S, Wass U, Stenbom B, Luna M, Saenz JC, Santamaria J and Torrents JM (2000) Platinum-group elements quantification in collected exhaust fumes and studies of catalyst surfaces. Sci Total Environ 207 1-15. 

Artelt S and Levsen K (2000) Bioavailability of fine dispersed platinum as emitted from automotive catalytic converter a model study. In Zereini F and Alt F, eds. Anthropogenic platinum-group element emission Their impact on man and environment, pp. 217-226, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg. 

Jensen KH, Rauch S, Morrison GM and Lind-BERG P (2002) Platinum group elements in the feathers of raptors and their prey. Arch Environ Contain Toxicol 42 338—347. 

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