Shear cells plate-type

Fig. 8 The plate-type shear cell. Key (A) lower plate (B) template (C) upper plate (D) tow line (E) cantilever strain gauge (F) screw jack. (From York, P. Int. J. Pharm. 1980, 6, 100.)...

Other shear cells have been used to characterize the flowability of blends. Carr and Walker describe an annular shear cell that measures the resistance to the angular movement of the shoe that is placed on top of the powder (53). The advantage to this type of design is that unlimited travel of the shoe provides the opportunity to measure successive initial consolidation loads without reloading the powder (53) Hiestand (52) and later on, Amidon and Houghton (54), describe a plate-type shear cell that is similar to the Jenike shear cell, with the exception that the powder bed is unconstrained at the edge of the bed. 

Devices used for flow-induced crystallization (FIC) experiments are aU types of rheometers rotational plate/plate, cone/plate, Couette, sliding plates, capillary rheometers, including the multipass rheometer (MPR) [24-26], and shear devices in-house built [27], Linkam shear cell [28,29], fiber pull-out [30-34], FS, and complex flows and contraction/expansion and cross-slot [35-38]. 

Fluid shear influences a number of cellular phenomena, including but not limited to vasoconstriction via vascular smooth muscle cells, mechanoreception via plasma membrane receptors or ion channels, and nitric oxide release via endothelial cells. Two main types of systems dominate the apphcation of fluid shear stress parallel plate and cone-and-plate systems. These systems are most useful for studying cell adhesion and engineering vasculature under physiological flow conditions however, the main challenge of these systems is keeping a homogeneous fluid flow to produce uniform shear stress. 

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