Plants phylogenetic tree

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic representation of the three types of anoxygenic ([1] and [2]) and oxygenic ([3]) photosynthesis found in plants and bacteria, (b) Phylogenetic tree based on 16S-rRNA sequence comparisons featuring only photo synthetic phyla. 

The myrosinase-glucosinolate system occurs in 16 plant families.17 It is likely that this system evolved from the ancient (and near ubiquitous) cyanogenic glycosides. This hypothesis is supported by the similarity, in sequence and structure, of glucosinolate biosynthetic enzymes and the hydrolytic enzymes (myrosinase or p-glucosidase).18 The biochemistry of these metabolites also indicates a convincing evolutionary relationship.19 Furthermore, on the basis of robust phylogenetic trees,... 

Fig. 1.7 Evolution of alkaloids in the phylogeny of plants. Using nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast gene rbcL a phylogenetic tree was computed with Maximum Parsimony. A bootstrap cladogram is shown with bootstrap values shown at the nodes. Branches leading to taxa that accumulate alkaloids are shown in bold.

Figure 6.2 An example of the phylogenetic tree derived for peroxidase enzymes extracted from various plants. The digits refer to the particular plant species for which the DNA sequencing was carried out [1].

A phylogenetic tree was constructed by selecting one CHS each from various families of dicots, monocots, gymnosperms and ferns (42). In addition, all plant type III PKSs that functionally differ from CHS were included (Figure 6). 

Figure 6. Phylogenetic tree of type III PKSs. (Reproduced with permission from reference 42. Copyright 2006 American Society of Plant Biologists.)...

The outgroup was the consensus sequence of four bacterial type 111 PKSs. The bacterial enzymes extend the array of the polyketide scaffolds. They share only -25% amino acid sequence identity with plant PKSs and each other 43). The phylogenetic tree reflected the systematic grouping of the higher plants. The PKSs from angiosperms fall into two clusters. One cluster comprises CHSs including the enzymes from H. androsaemum and S. aucuparia cell cultures. 

Fig. 12. Phylogenetic tree of the higher plants, deduced from their cytochrome sequences. Adapted from references lii-lH.

Phylogenetic tree building seems to be more difficult for plants than for animals, and varying results have been reported even using the ancestral sequence approach 123,124). For the moment these trees must be considered only tentative. 

FIGURE 3.2 Phylogenetic tree of 14 different plant DGATls. The tree was established based on the DNA seqnences of 4 DGATl cDNA clones by the CLUSTAL W program (version 1.82). 

SBI class IV includes squalene epoxidase inhibitors that are actually not used as agricultural fungicides. Fungal squalene epoxidases are only very distantly related to their mammalian and higher plant counterparts in the phylogenetic tree [115] and are therefore principally suited as target of selective antimycotics as well as of... 

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