Plant sensitization, description

Reversed-phase HPLC followed by post-column derivatization and subsequent fluorescence detection is the most common technique for quantitative determination of oxime carbamate insecticides in biological and environmental samples. However, for fast, sensitive, and specific analysis of biological and environmental samples, detection by MS and MS/MS is preferred over fluorescence detection. Thus, descriptions and recommendations for establishing and optimizing HPLC fluorescence, HPLC/ MS, and HPLC/MS/MS analyses are discussed first. This is followed by specific rationales for methods and descriptions of the recommended residue methods that are applicable to most oxime carbamates in plant, animal tissue, soil, and water matrices. 

This chapter describes the application and development of trace gas detection based on PTR-MS within life sciences. The chapter begins with a short overview about the ion chemistry that is used in these mass spectrometer systems to sensitively measure trace gases. The overview is followed by the experimental description of the system, including practical aspects such as how to perform a calibration or the use of natural isotopic ratios to gain some information about the identity of the detected compounds. The main part of the chapter deals with applications and measurements performed with PTR-MS to study processes inside plants, fruit, bacteria, and insects interactions between plants and pathogens and also as a tool for human health research. 

Since Humboldt and Bonpland first saw the preparation of curare, there have been many descriptions, some more detailed than others, of the procedures used by the Indians. Inevitably, there is considerable variation in the methods, but they all have in common extraction of the plant material that provides the active principles, followed by concentration of the extract depending on their supposed properties, other ingredients may be added before the extraction is carried out or added as such, or as an extract, in the course of the concentration phase. Several methods of preparation are described below and they make clear, when the sensitivity of the active principles to the effects of heat, light, air, and pH is taken into account, why Stryc/mos-based curares contain such highly complex mixtures of alkaloids. See further Sections 1.4.2 and 1.4.3. 

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