Plancks Discovery

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M. Planck (Berlin) services rendered to the advancement of physics by discovery of energy quanta. 

In the early 1950s there was the quite contemporary discovery—in three different laboratories—of processes for the polymerization of ethene at low pressure using solid catalysts The catalyst used by the Standard Oil of Indiana was Mo(VI) oxide supported on aluminum oxide the one by Phyllips Petroleum was Cr(VI) oxide still supported on silica/alumina the catalyst studied by Ziegler and his co-workers at the Max Planck Institute at Miihlheim... 

What is not so well known about Einstein is that he made contributions to the development of modern chemistry, particularly to the area of quantum mechanics. The Nobel Prize Committee awarded Einstein the Nobel Prize in physics in 1921 for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. His explanation of the photoelectric effect helped to validate Planck s view of quantized energy, and has become the basis of the quantitative laws of photochemistry. 

How the HiGH-temperature superconductors work is, of course, a vital scientific question, and for the researchers who are losing sleep over it, an answer would be an end in itself. Let others pursue the search for superconductivity s practical applications. As for themselves, they are committed to the dictum of Max Planck, whose quantum theory ushered physics into the modern era. Scientific discovery and scientific knowledge, said Planck, have been achieved only by those who have gone in pursuit of it without any practical purpose whatsoever in view. ... 

Dunitz wrote of these equations Debye s paper, published only a few months after the discovery of X-ray diffraction by crystals, is remarkable for the physical intuition it showed at a time when almost nothing was known about the structure of solids at the atomic level. Ewald described how The temperature displacements of the atoms in a lattice are of the order of magnitude of the atomic distances The result is a factor of exponential form whose exponent contains besides the temperature the order of interference only [h,k,l, hence sin 9/M]. The importance of Debye s work, as stressed by Ewald,was in paving the way for the first immediate experimental proof of the existence of zero-point energy, and therewith of the quantum statistical foundation of Planck s theory of black-body radiation. ... 

Until 1953, almost all vinyl polymerization of commercial importance was of the free-radical type. Since that time, however, ionic polymerization, chiefly in the form of coordination polymerization, has revolutionized the field. Following discoveries by Karl Ziegler (of the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research) and by Guilio Natta (of the Polytechnic Institute of Milan)—who jointly received the Nobel Prize in 1963 for this work—catalysts have been developed that permit control of the polymerization process to a degree never before possible. 

The discovery of this interaction led to the postulation that an atomic nucleus possesses a spin-angular momentum represented by the spin angular momentum vector h, where I is the nuclear spin and h is Planck s constant, h, divided by Itt. It has been found experimentally that I is an odd integer multiple of for nuclei of odd atomic mass numbers (isotope number), zero for nuclei of even atomic mass numbers and even nuclear charges (atomic number), and an integer for nuclei of even atomic mass numbers and odd nuclear charges. The nuclei that we are concerned with here, H, C, and F, have an I of 5. 

Two years later, in October of 1953, another accidental discovery was made by Karl Ziegler of the Max-Planck Institut, Mulheim, Germany [10]. His catalyst consisted of titanium chloride combined with aluminum alkyl. The first patents were filed quickly, on October 17,1953. A polymer density of about 0.94 g mL 1 was reported. Ziegler licensed it within a year, offering only a laboratory method that each licensee then had to develop and scale up independently. Hoechst was one of the first licensees. One of the early problems, which was apparently not addressed in the license, was how to control the MW of the polymer [2]. 

Max Planck receives the Nobel Prize in physics for his discovery of energy quanta. ... 

In 1913, not too long after Planck s and Einstein s discoveries, a theoretical explana-... 

Classical electromagnetics and Boltzmann statistics, respectively, lead to explicit forms -of Eq. (8.29) for A - oc and A -> 0. However, both theories fail to provide the explicit form for an arbitrary A. Extensive research for this explicit form eventually led Planck to the discovery of quantum mechanics, which explains radiation in terms of particles (photons) traveling with the speed of light. The energy and momentum associated with each photon, respectively, are... 

German physicist Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, recipient of the 1918 Nobel Prize in physics, in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta. ... 

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