Pixel binning

Figu re 13.4 Evolution of the peak-to-peak noise level In 100% noise spectra as a function of acquisition time using an MCT PA-IR spectrograph (with an without pixel binning) and an FT-IR spectrometer. Reproduced with permission from Ref [7]. 

Fig. 3.4. Spatial resolution experiment involving an axial slice through a spatial resolution phantom. The 3D spatial resolution from 2D X-ray projections acquired with a Trixell Pixium 4700 detector is about 2.0 LP/mm, if 2 x 2-pixel binning is applied. Projection data were acquired on an Artis zee C-arm system, and reconstruction was performed with syngo DynaCT (both Siemens AG, Healthcare Sector, Forchheim, Germany)...

Figure 6.6 Computational example for the variation of spatial resolution (SR) on mid-IR speetral patterns of tissues. The SR of an original map of IR point speetra (SR 8.8 pm at 4000cm ) was eomputationaUy redueed by pixel binning. The Ulustration shows class average speetra of the elass eolo-noeytes as a variable of the SR (traees B 8.8 pm to G 76 pm, see Table 6.1). Note the spectral contamination of the eolonocyte speetra by absorption bands of carbohydrates, mostly due to mucin (see red arrows). (Adapted from reference 6.)...

The reason is truncation of dynamics in low-resolution modes in a 14-bit-detector each pixel in low-resolution mode can contain 0 to 16382 counts. With the next photon an arithmetic overflow will occur and the pixel is saturated. In high-resolution mode the same area of the detector is represented by 4 pixels, and if the intensity is evenly distributed it takes 4 times longer before the pixels will be saturated. If the high resolution is not required and the cycle time is 30 s or longer, it is good practice to store away the big files on a spacious USB hard-disk and afterwards to bin the data. 

Electrons from adjacent pixels can be combined to create a single, larger picture element. This process, called binning, increases the sensitivity of the charge coupled device at the expense of resolution. 

Figure 14.7 CCD image of acetaminophen powder. Images were created with 5-pixel hardware binning, (a) Raw image, (b) after applying pixel shift method, (c) zoom-in of the box in (b), (d) after applying curvature mapping method, and (e) zoom-in of the box in (d).

Binning CCD are versatile devices and their readout pattern can be manipulated to achieve various effects. Binning allows charges from adjacent pixels to be combined and thus can offer benefits in faster readout speeds and improved signal to noise ratios albeit at the expense of a reduced special resolution. Binning also increases sensitivity for quantitation and imaging at very low light levels. 

Source Field et al. (1998). After Field et al. (1998). All values in GtC. Ocean color data are averages from 1978 to 1983. The land vegetation index is from 1982 to 1990. Ocean NPP estimates are binned into three biogeographic categories on the basis of annual average Csat for each satellite pixel, such that oligotrophic = <0.1 mg m, mesotrophic = 0.1 < < 1 mg, and eutrophic = > 1 mg m (Antoine etal., 1996). 

The discussion of dispersive CCD spectrometers presented thus far has considered the CCD to be one dimensional, with Nc pixels along the wavelength axis. The vertical (slit) axis of the CCD is usually binned into one (or a few)... 

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