Piping expansion problems

A major food, detergent, and consumer products company had defined some piping expansion problems. The solution seemed obvious and several flexible elastomer expansion joints were selected and installed to meet the process condilions within a soap manufacturing plant. [10]... 

Application of this procedure to inadvertently ignited safety valve discharges can involve a special problem. Certain combinations of pressure ratio and length of safety valve riser can result in choked flow, with a pressure discontinuity at the exit. The pressure of the jet then adjusts to atmospheric pressure in a system of shock waves or expansion waves over a distance of a few pipe diameters. These waves can affect the local mixing of the jet with the crosswind. Since the calculation procedure incorporates correlations for subsonic jets, it cannot be expected to be entirely accurate in this case. Nevertheless, since the wave system... 

Cavitation in pipe systems is possible wherever there are changes in section or flow direction such as expansions, bends and branches. However, serious erosion problems are normally only associated with components within which flow is severely constricted and consequently accelerated. If pumps are excluded then, in most systems, this situation applies to devices used... 

In certain unusual cases, about 1 borehole of 10,000, the freezing will cause problems. In these cases the freezing causes a high pressure that deforms (flattens) the pipes in the borehole. In such cases some water is confined between two frozen parts (plugs) and when that water finally freezes the occurring expansion pressure becomes high enough to deform the pipes. 

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