PINA analysis

PINA analysis a method of analysis for paraffins, isoparaffins, naphthenes, and aromatics. 

Naphtha feed is often characterized using PINA analysis that simply is the weight % of K-paraffin, Ao-paraffin, naphthene and aromatic compounds. If the typical commercial indexes (specific gravity, PINA analysis and TBP curves or ASTM D86) are used properly, it is possible to empirically derive detailed naphtha composition by referring to the four different hydrocarbon classes and only to a limited number of reference components within each class. In fact, the PINA information indicates the relative abundance of the four different classes directly. The specific gravity and boiling curve allow the specification of the initial and final cuts of the hydrocarbon mixture as well as the relative presence and distribution of the reference pseudo components inside each fraction. 

In the case of kerosene and light gasoil also, density, TBP or ASTM D86 distillation curves and PINA analysis (if available) are used, and empirical correlations are derived to yield a detailed picture of hydrocarbon mixture composition. The aromatic fraction can vary greatly for the different feeds, and information, such as the H/C of the feed, is important when PINA is not available. 

Quiros L, Ruiz X, Sanpera C, Jover L, Pina B (2008) Analysis of micronucleated erythrocytes in heron nestlings from reference and impacted sites in the Ebro basin (N.E. Spain). Environ Pollut 155 81-87... 

Pina B, Casado M, Quiros L (2007) Analysis of gene expression as a new tool in ecotoxicol-ogy and environmental monitoring. Trends Analyt Chem 26(11) 1145—1154... 

Quiros L, Raldua D, Navarro A, Casado M, Barcelo D, Pina B (2007) A noninvasive test of exposition to toxicants quantitative analysis of cytochrome P4501A expression in fish scales. Environ Toxicol Chem 26(10) 2179-2186... 

In summary, the terminology used for the identification of the various methods might differ. However, in general terms, group-type analysis of petroleum is often identified by the acronyms for the names PONA (paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, and aromatics), FIONA (paraffins, isoparaffins, olefins, naphthenes, and aromatics), PNA (paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics), PINA (paraffins. 

Figure 5.34 Predictive models for naphtha compositional analysis (PINA).

In 2000 two major petrochemical companies installed process NMR systems on the feed streams to steam crackers in their production complexes where they provided feed forward stream characterization to the Spyro reactor models used to optimize the production processes. The analysis was comprised of PLS prediction of n-paraffins, /xo-paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics calibrated to GC analysis (PINA) with speciation of C4-C10 for each of the hydrocarbon groups. Figure 10.22 shows typical NMR spectral variability for naphtha streams. Table 10.2 shows the PLS calibration performance obtained with cross validation for... 

The second problem concerns the analysis of six terra cotta figurines from the site of Tlatilco. Tlatilco, a suburb of Mexico City, has been described by Pina Chan (7) in these terms De todos los pueblos pre-clasicos del valle de Mexico que hasta ahora se conocen, Tlatilco fue el... 

J. A. Suarez, A. G. Rodriguez, A. G. Espartero, G. Pina G (2000) Radiochemical analysis of 41Ca and 45Ca. Applied radiation and isotopes 52 407-413... 

Carro, D. and Pina, B. 2001. Genetic analysis of the karyotype instability in natural wine yeast strains. Yeast 18,1457-1470. 

There are analogies between the characterization of crude distillation residues and the previous feeds. The main difference is that for atmospheric and vacuum distillation residues of crude PINA and H/C can be estimated only through the kind of analysis (such as NMR) not normally available in refineries. Moreover, their final boiling point is not defined and the internal distribution of the different hydrocarbon classes of alkanes, cyc/o-alkanes and aromatics has to be deduced in a different way. Inside each macro-class, the relative amount of the components can be derived from the following statistical distribution ... 

Pina, ]., Dias, A., and Lebrun, J.L. (2003) Study by X-ray diffraction and mechanical analysis of the residual stress generation during thermal spraying. Mater Sci. Eng. 

Nadal, D., Carro, D., Eemandez-Larrea, J., Pina, B. (1999). Analysis and dynamics of the chromosomal complements of wild sparkling-wine yeast strains. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 1688-1695. 

Cespedes, R. Petrovic, M. Raldua, D. Saura, U. Pina, P. Lacorte, S. Viana, P. Barceld, D. Integrated procedure for determination of endocrine-disrupting activity in surface waters and sediments by use of the biological technique recombinant yeast assay and chemical analysis by LC ESI MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2004, 378, 697-708. 

Pina-Garza JE, Schiemann-Delgado J, Yang H, Duncan B, Hadac J, Hunter SJ. Adjunctive levetiracetam in patients aged 1 month to <4 years with partial-onset seizures subpopulation analysis of a prospective, open-label extension study of up to 48 weeks. Oin Ther 2010 32(11) 1935-50. 

C. Vidal, M. A. Losada, R. Medina, E. P. D. Mansard and G. Gomez-Pina, A universal analysis for the stability of both low-crested and submerged breakwaters, 23rd Coastal Engineering, Venice (1992). 

Sockalingum, G. D. Lamfarraj, H. Beljebbar, A. Pina, P. Allouch, P. Manfait, M. In Direct on-plate analysis of microbial cells a pilot study by sursface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Europ Conf Spectrosc Biol Mol, Boston, 1999 Kluwar Academic Publ Boston, 1999 599. 

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