Physical treatment, water advanced

Textile fabrics receive a number of chemical and physical treatments before they are made into a final product. From formaldehyde finishes to improve crease resistance to flame-retardant treatment and dyeing of many types of fabrics, the possibilities for the application of dyeing and finishing processes to change the characteristics of textile materials are almost endless. Recent advances in nanomaterials have led to the development of treatments based on metallic nanoparticles for making textiles more resistant to water, stains, wrinkles, and pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. 

It is expected that in the very near future, the application of closed water loops will show an intensive growth, strongly supported by the further development of separate treatment technologies such as anaerobic treatment, membrane bioreactors, advanced biofilm processes, membrane separation processes, advanced precipitation processes for recovery of nutrients, selective separation processes for recovery of heavy metals, advanced oxidation processes, selective adsorption processes, advanced processes for demineralisation, and physical/chemical processes which can be applied at elevated temperature. 

An advanced, classic treatment of the physical chemistry of water and hydrophobic interactions. 

Because of the tighter water quality regulations coupled with unsatisfactory results from conventional or pretreatment processes, the use of intensive treatment processes is necessary if brewery wastewater is to be reused. Therefore, after the brewery wastewater has been subjected to physical, chemical and biological treatments, the wastewater can then go through advanced treatment. This section will discuss some of the current and future advanced treatment processes needed to improve the overall water quality. 

The following chapter presents the basics of ellipsometry and discusses some recent advances. The article covers the formalism and theory used for data analysis as well as instrumentation. The treatment is also designed to familiarize newcomers to this field. The experimental focus is on adsorption layers at the air-water and oil-water interface. Selected examples are discussed to illustrate the potential as well as the limits of this technique. The authors hope, that this article contributes to a wider use of this technique in the colloidal physics and chemistry community. Many problems in our field of science can be tackled with this technique. 

---