Physical Properties of Superconductors

As a consequence of zero-resistance, the electric field everywhere within a superconductor is zero [16], In 1933, Meissner and Ochsenfeld showed that the magnetic induction within a superconductor is also zero-valued [17], As a consequence of this phenomenon, termed the Meissner effect , all magnetic flux is expelled from the interior of a perfect superconductor, and the material acts as a perfect diamagnet (Fig. 

2-2) [18]. As the applied magnetic field exceeds the critical field He, magnetic flux lines 

Current density passing through a type II superconductor in the mixed state induces a Lorentz force upon the penetrating magnetic flux [16]. Unless otherwise prevented, the flux line will move in the direction of this force, and in doing so induces an electric 

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FIGURE 1. Physical properties of superconductors, (a) Resistivity vs. temperature for a pure and perfect lattice (solid line) impure and/or imperfect lattice (broken line), (b) Magnetic-field temperature dependence for Type-I or soft superconductors, (c) Schematic magnetization curve for hard" or Type-II superconductors. 

In the preceding paragraphs we have outlined the basic physical properties of superconductors at high frequencies and have shown how these may be quan-... 

M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, and R. Saito. In Physical Properties of High Temperature Superconductors IV, edited by D. M. Ginsberg, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1994. Vol. IV, Chapter 7. 

Cuprammonium rayon, 11 263—265 Cuprate oxides, 23 838-839 Cuprate superconductors, 23 837 Cupric bromide, physical properties of,... 

In electrochemical terms, one of the expected employment of superconductors is as electrode materials. However, before considering the eventual benefits offered to electrochemistry by such materials we must introduce the physical, physico-chemical and structural properties of superconductors.1... 

Saito G, Yamochi H, Nakamura T, Komatsu T, Inoue T, Ito H, Ishiguro T, Kusunoki M, Sakaguchi K, Mori T (1993) Structural and physical properties of two new ambient pressure K-type BEDT-TTF superconductors and their related salts. Synth Met 55-57 2883-2890... 

Komatsu T, Matsukawa N, Nakamura T, Yamochi H, Saito G (1992) Isotope effect on physical properties of BEDT-TTF based organic superconductors. Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Relat Elem 67 295-300... 

Saito G, Urayama H, Yamochi H, Oshima K (1988) Chemical and physical properties of a new ambient pressure organic superconductor with higher than 10 K. Synth Met 27 A331-A340... 

Structure of YBa2Cu307. reproduced from G. F. Holland and A. M. Stacy, Physical Properties of the Quaternary Oxide Superconductor YBa2Cu3Ox, Acc. Chem. Res. 1988, 21, 8. One-dimensional Cu-O chains (shown in color) run along the crystallographic t>-axis, and two-dimensional Cu-O sheets lie in the a-b plane. Loss of colored oxygen atoms from the chains at elevated temperature results in YBa2Cu306. 

In this way, we can predict the physical properties of the multi-gaps superconductivity, if we have the superconductors with many zone structure as shown in Fig. 3. 

T. Egami and S. J. L. Billinge, in Physical Properties of High Temperature Superconductors V, ed. D. Ginsberg (Singapore, World Scientific, 1996) p. 265. 

Several important and recent aspects of the physical properties of these molecular superconductors have been left by the roadside. It is the case, for example, for the physics of quasi-one-dimensional conductors at very high magnetic field when the undistorted phase exhibiting a metal-like behavior at zero field should become localized [152]. Reentrance of a superconducting instability is also expected at very low temperature under... 

There are presently four families of high-temperature superconductors under investigation for practical magnet applications. Table 11-25 shows that all HTS are copper oxide ceramics even though the oxygen content may vary. However, this variation generally has little effect on the physical properties of importance to superconductivity. 

Thomsen C, Cardona M (1989) Raman Scattering in High Tc Superconductors. In Ginsberg DM (ed) Physical properties of high temperature superconductors I. World Scientific, Singapore New Jersey London Hong Kong, p 409 Thulstrup EW, Michl J (1982) J Am Chem Soc 104 5594... 

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