Physical invasion

Research may also be experimental (involving psychologically intrusive or physically invasive intervention) or solely observational (sometimes called noninterventional) (including epidemiology). 

Mammograms are uncomfortable and embarrassing for women. NIR imaging [84] and an optical biopsy [85] may be performed. NIR radiation has been suggested as an alternative to both x-rays and physical, invasive biopsies. Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death and disfigurement in woman, it is best detected early [85]. 

Bacillus thuringiensis produces a variety of organic compounds which are toxic to the larvae of certain susceptible insect hosts. Among the toxic entities are proteinaceous crystals, probably three soluble toxins, and certain enzymes. The protein material is the major toxin active in killing lepidopterous larvae. The protein is formed by the cells apparently in close synchrony with sporulation, and its nature is a constant function of bacterial strain. The mode of action of the protein is under study. The sequence of events in the pathology observed is probably solubilization of the crystal (enzymatic or physical)—>liberation of toxic unit—>alteration of permeability of larval gut wall— change in hemolymph pH—>invasion of hemolymph by spores or vegetative cells of the bacterium. 

NMR signals are highly sensitive, via a number of different mechanisms, to the physical and chemical properties of porous materials. Using the set of NMR-based measurement methods that we have developed, it is possible to non-invasively and non-destructively characterize both the microstructural properties of the materials and relaxation properties of fluids imbibed into these materials. 

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a non-invasive and well-tolerated procedure that has shown promise as a novel antidepressant treatment.21 Some data show that physical exercise... 

Pelvic examinations are effective in detecting obvious tumors with a sensitivity of 67% for detecting all tumors minimal or microscopic disease cannot be detected on physical examination.9 Pelvic examinations are non-invasive and well accepted, but they do not usually detect ovarian cancer until it is in an advanced stage. Therefore, routine pelvic examinations will not improve earlier diagnosis or help to decrease overall mortality.9... 

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