Photonics behavior

J. P. Vigier, Possible implications of de Broglie s wave mechanical theory of photon behavior, Math. Phys. Appl. Math. 1, 237-249 (1976). 

Main-chain thermotropic LC polymers such as those presented here combine the advantages of alignability and a well-characterized conjugation length with freedom from the solvent-removal problem of lyotropics. Since the conjugation in the present system can provide both liquid-crystalline and photonic behavior, it simultaneously provides us experience with a third harmonic material and a novel LC system. 

Fig. 20. a 15 K upconversion luminescence of 2.5% Mo + Cs2NaYBr6. Inset Upconversion intensity as a function of (o) total NIR excitation power (4 pW mm max) and ( ) 9065 cm power for a fixed second-color power (E2 < 6060 cm ), normalized at low powers. The superimposed curves show the predicted two-photon (—) and one-photon (-) behavior norma-... 

The energy evolved from radiation can be equated to photon behavior where E hv and v = CjX, E and V are the energy and frequency of a photon, respectively), h is Planck s constant, and C and X are the speed and wavelength of light, respectively. The energy absorbed from the radiation sources equates to the dose. 

The counter ion can be simple anions such as PF -, BF, and NOj and find a vacancy in the lattice, thereby playing no role in the photonic behavior of toe materials. The polymers are luminescent in both solid state and solution, particularly at 77 K (Figure 4.6). 

Wahid Z, NadirN, Malek MZA, Zainuddin MT, Islam NZM, An investigation of photonic behavior of 6-nitro-l, 3, 3 -trimethylspiro[2H-l-benzopyran-2,2 -indoline]. In ref. [18], 333... 

Such limitations do not apply in the field of metamaterials since here plasmons interact with electromagnetic fields. A plasmon is a free-electron oscillation in a metal and exhibits quite distinct photonic behavior from a photon. Generally, for the same frequency, the wavelength of a plasmon is much smaller than that of a photon. For this reason, metamaterials with small lattice dimensions can still... 

The underlying principle of RHEED is that particles of matter have a wave character. This idea was postulated by de Broglie in (1924). He argued that since photons behave as particles, then particles should exhibit wavelike behavior as well. He predicted that a particle s wavelength is Planck s constant h divided by its momentum. The postulate was confirmed by Davisson and Germer s experiments in 1928, which demonstrated the diffraction of low-energy electrons from Ni. ... 

The photochemical behavior of butadienes has been closely studied. When these compounds are exposed to light, they move from the ground state to an excited state. This excited state eventually returns to one of the ground state conformations via a process that includes a radiationless decay (i.e., without emitting a photon) from the excited state potential energy surface back to the ground state potential energy surface. 

Scientists in the 1920s, speculating on this problem, became convinced that an entirely new approach was required to treat electrons in atoms and molecules. In 1924 a young French scientist, Louis de Broglie (1892-1987), in his doctoral thesis at the Sorbonne made a revolutionary suggestion. He reasoned that if light could show the behavior of particles (photons) as well as waves, then perhaps an electron, which Bohr had treated as a particle, could behave like a wave. In a few years, de Broglie s postulate was confirmed experimentally. This led to the development of a whole new discipline, first called wave mechanics, more commonly known today as quantum mechanics. 

Figure 10-4. Temporal behavior of the pholoinduccd transmission changes in LPPP alter excitation with a femtosecond pump pulse at 400 nnt. The two curves correspond to probe photon eneigies of 2.48 eV (dotted line) and 1.91 eV (solid line). At 2.48 eV the transmission change is positive due to stimulated emission (SE) while a photoin-dueed absorption (PIA) is observed at 1.91 eV (according to Ref.(24J).

Another largely unexplored area is the change of dynamics due to the influence of the surface. The dynamic behavior of a latex suspension as a model system for Brownian particles is determined by photon correlation spectroscopy in evanescent wave geometry [130] and reported to differ strongly from the bulk. Little information is available on surface motion and relaxation phenomena of polymers [10, 131]. The softening at the surface of polymer thin films is measured by a mechanical nano-indentation technique [132], where the applied force and the path during the penetration of a thin needle into the surface is carefully determined. Thus the structure, conformation and dynamics of polymer molecules at the free surface is still very much unexplored and only few specific examples have been reported in the literature. 

Experiments on the sky. Two experiments have been carried out at the sky, using two laser installations built for the American and French programmes for Uranium isotope separation, respectively AVLIS at the Lawrence Livermore Nat l Lab (California) in 1996 and SILVA at CEA/Pierrelatte (Southern France) in 1999. The average power was high pa 2 x 175 W, with a pulse repetition rate of 12.9 and 4.3 kHz, a pulse width of 40 ns and a spectral width of 1 and 3 GHz. Polarization was linear. The return flux was < 5 10 photons/m /s (Foy et al., 2000). Thus incoherent two-photon resonant absorption works, with a behavior consistent with models. But we do need lower powers at observatories ... 

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