Photoelectron spectroscopy experimental setup

Figure 5.34. Schematic of the experimental setup for using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to investigate the catalyst-electrode surface.6 Reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society.

Energy Levels for Hole Injection. For the hole conductor TPD (6), measurements are available from different groups that allow a direct comparison of different experimental setups. The ionization potential that corresponds to the HOMO level under the assumptions mentioned above was measured by photoelectron spectroscopy to be 5.34 eV [230]. Anderson et al. [231] identified the onset of the photoelectron spectrum with the ionization potential and the first peak with the HOMO energy, and reported separate values of 5.38 and 5.73 eV, respectively. The cyclovoltammetric data reveal a first oxidation wave at 0.34 V vs. Fc/Fc+ in acetonitrile [232], and 0.48 V vs. Ag/0.01 Ag+ in dichloro-methane [102], respectively. The oxidation proceeds by two successive one-electron oxidations, the second one being located at 0.47 V vs. Fc/Fc+. 

Figure 1. Schematic of the experimental setup for electrochemical promotion studies using the fuel-cell type design (a) and for using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (b) to investigate the catalyst-electrode surface G-P Galvanostat-Potentiostat WE Working electrode, RE Reference electrode, CE Counter Electrode (adapted from refs. [6], [25]).

Fig. 2.1 Schematic view of the experimental setup for angular and spin resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (from [2], used with permission)...

Characterization and analysis are performed using the following surface science techniques temperature programmed desorption/reaction (TPD/TPR), pulsed molecular beam reactive scattering (pMBRS) (IRRAS), metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and auger electron spectroscopy (AES). First the experimental setup is briefly described, followed by the support preparation and characterization as well procedures utilized in this work. These descriptions include a concise introduction to the underlying physical principles of the applied techniques (including experimental details). 

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