Photocatalytic hydrogen production

Essentially, photocatalyzed reactions have generated considerable interest after the photocatalytic splitting of water on TiO electrodes was first demonstrated by Fujishima and Honda in 1972. Subsequently, various kinds of photocatalysts have been employed for hydrogen production and remediation of pollutants from water. 

Some photocatalysts are used to adsorb visible light and then transmit the energy of appropriate wavelength and intensity to water molecules to liberate the constituent gases. The photolysis with a photo catalyst X can be expressed as follows  

Production of hydrogen from an inexhaustible somce, water, by a cheaper route has been under extensive investigation in recent years (Koca and Sahin, 2003). The requirement for the photoproduction of hydrogen using a semiconductor is the need for a hydrogen evolution catalyst on a semiconductor surface as reported by marty 

Kida et al., 2004). Semiconductors have been utilized for this purpose in the form of electrodes (Desilvestro and Neumaimspallart, 1985 Mackor and Blasse, 1981 Gringue et al., 1987 Ashokkumar et al., 1994), colloids (Keimedy and Duimwald, 1983 Lee et al., 1984 Kamat and Fox, 1983 Kamat, 1989), powders (Ashokkumar and Maruthamuthu, 1989 Herrmarm et al., 1986 Okamoto et al., 1985 Oosawa, 1984) and thin films (Fonash, 1981 Green, 1982 Faherburch and Bube, 1983). 

The performance of semiconducting inorganic materials as a photocatalyst depends much on the physical properties of the particles such as crystallinity, size and morphology. The effect can be even more pronounced when using two or more materials together, since an intimate interaction between particles is more important in the multicomponent system (So et al., 2004). 

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Zhu, J. and Ziich, M. (2009) Nanostructured materials for photocatalytic hydrogen production. Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science, 14 (4), 260-269. 

Solar light photocatalytic hydrogen production from water over Pt and Au/Ti02 (anatase/rutile) photocatalysts influence of noble metal and porogen promotion. Journal of Catalysis, 269 (1), 179—190. 

Bandara, J., Udawatta, C.P.K., and Rajapakse, C.S.K. (2005) Highly stable CuO incorporated Ti02 catalyst for photocatalytic hydrogen production from H20. Photochemical ej Photohiological Sciences, 4 (11), 857-861. 

Jing, D. and Guo, L. (2007) WS2 sensitized mesoporous Ti02 for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production from water under visible light irradiation. Catalysis Communications,... 

Seger, B. and Kamat, P.V. (2009) Fuel cell geared in reverse photocatalytic hydrogen production using a Ti02/ Nafion/Pt membrane assembly with no applied bias. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 113 (43), 18946-18952. 

Matsumura, M., Saho, Y., and Tsubomura, H., Photocatalytic hydrogen production from solutions of sulphide using platinized cadmium sulphide powder, ]. Phys. Chem., 87, 3807,1983. 

S.M. Ji, P.H. Borse, H.G. Kim, D.W. Hwang, J.S. Jang, S.W. Bae, J.S. Lee, Photocatalytic hydrogen production from water-methanol mixtures using N-doped Sr2Nb207 under visible light irradiation Effects of catalyst structure, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 7 (2005) 1315-1321. 

Liu, X., et ah, Preparation ofmuttiwalled carbon nanotubes/Cd0.8Zn0.2S nanocomposite and its photocatalytic hydrogen production under visible-tight. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2012. 37(2) p. 1375-1384. 

Li, Q., et al., Highly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production ofCdS-c luster-deco rated graphene nanosheets. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2011. 133(28) p. 10878-10884. 

Li, Z., et al., Triphenylamine-functionalizedgraphene decorated with Pt nanoparticles and its application in photocatalytic hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2012. 37(6) p. 4880-4888. 

Fig. 5.4 Mechanism of dye-sensitized photocatalytic hydrogen production under visible light irradiation...

Table 5.8 Photocatalytic hydrogen production from water over Cr- and Fe-doped La,TijO, under visible light irradiation (X > 420 nm)...

Bessekhouad, Y, Trari, M. 2002. Photocatalytic hydrogen production from suspension of spinel powders AMnj03(A=Cu and Zn). Int J Hydrogen Energy 27 357-362. 

Gurunathan, K., Maruthamuth, R, Sastri, M.V.C. 1997. Photocatalytic hydrogen production by dye-sensitized Pt/SnOj and Pt/SnOj/RuO, in aqueous methyl viologen solution. Int J Hydrogen Energy 22 57-62. 

Kawai, T., Sakata, T. 1980. Photocatalytic hydrogen production from liquid methanol and water. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 15 694-695. 

Koca, A., Sahin, M. 2003. Photocatalytic hydrogen production by direct sunlight a laboratory experiment. J Chem Edu 80 1314-1315. 

Piotrowska, A., Walendziewski, J. 2005. Photocatalytic hydrogen production from the water over titania aerogels under UV irradiation. Proceedings International Hydrogen Energy Congress and Exhibition IHEC 2005, Istanbul, Turkey. 

Getoff N (1990) Photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic hydrogen production. IntJ Hydrogen Energy 15 407-417... 

The photogenerated electrons and holes can recombine in bulk or on the semiconductor surface releasing energy in the form of heat or a photon. The electrons and holes that migrate to the semiconductor surface without recombination can, respectively, reduce and oxidize water (or the reactant) and are the basic mechanism of photocatalytic hydrogen production, see Fig. 6.3. 

Fig. 6.8a Photocatalytic hydrogen production from samples doped via coprecipitation (CP) and impregnation (IMP), (a) Ti02 (b) 1.25 at% Be "-Ti02-IMP (c) P2s-Ti02 (d) 1.25 at% Be "-P25-Ti02-IMP (e) 1.25 at% Be "-P25-Ti02-CP.

Fig. 6.8b Photocatalytic hydrogen production as a function of dopant (Be ) content [136],...

Fe20s, doped with various metal ions have been applied to photocatalytic hydrogen production in the presence of methyl viologen (MV ) that serves as an electron donor [147]. The photocatalytic hydrogen production efficiency of y-Bi203 has shown... 

Nada AA, Barakat MH, Hameed HA, Mohamad NR, Veziroglu TN (2005) Studies on the photocatalytic hydrogen production using suspended modified Ti02 photocatalysts. Int J Hydrogen Energy 30 987-991... 

Pichat P, Herrmann JM, Disdier J, Courbon H, Mozzanega MN. Photocatalytic hydrogen production from aliphatic alcohols over a bifunctional Pt/ Ti02 catalyst. Nouv J Chim 1981 5 627-636. 

Elvington M, Brown J, Arachchige SM, Brewer KJ. Photocatalytic hydrogen production from water employing a Ru, Rh, Ru. Molecular device for photoinitiated electron collection. J Am Chem Soc 2007 129 10644-5. 

Zhang D, Wu L-Z, Zhou L, et al. Photocatalytic hydrogen production from Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines by platinum(II) terpyridyl complexes in homogeneous solution. / Am Chem Soc 2004 126 3440-1. 

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