Photocatalysis phenol

Matthews RW, McEvoy SR (1992) Destruction of phenol in water with sun, sand and photocatalysis. Sol Energy 49(6) 507-513... 

Karunakaran C, Dhanalakshmi R (2009) Phenol degradation on Pr6On surface under UV-A light. Synergistic photocatalysis by semiconductors. Radiat Phys Chem 78 8-12... 

The problem of wastewater treatment is one of the issues where photocatalysis plays a major role. Some model molecules are used to mimic the most common water pollutants, and among these, dyes and phenols are the most commonly used. 

Photocatalysis treatment of wastewater has focused attention on attaining the degradation of reagents which are not readily eradicated by conventional or other advanced degradation methods. Among the two groups of pollutants, phenol and its derivates and hydrocarbons are important examples. ... 

In natural anoxic environments, the major alternative oxidants are iron(III) and manga-nese(IV) oxides and hydroxides. Both are common in natural systems, as crystalline or amorphous particles or coatings on other particles. In the absence of photocatalysis, however, iron and manganese oxides are weak oxidants. As a result, they appear to react at significant rates only with phenols and anilines (45, 59-64). 

Maillard-Dupuy C, Guillard C, Pichat P. The degradation of nitrobenzene in water by photocatalysis over Ti02 kinetics and products simultaneous elimination of benzamide or phenol or Pb2+ cations. New J Chem 1994 18 941-948. 

Semiconductor photocatalysis has been successfully applied in degradation of pollutants e.g. S02 and phenolic waste [69], It is mainly Ti02, which have been used and studied for this purpose, but there are reports where hematite has been used for photodegradation [52-54, 56, 57, 110, 111]. Hematite has also been studied as a gas sensing material [40]. 

Al-Ekabi, H. Serpone, N. Kinetic studies in heterogeneous photocatalysis. I. Photo-catalytic degradation of chlorinated phenols in aerated aqueous solutions over Ti02 supported on a glass matrix, J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 5726. 

However, if the attention is focused on the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions, a possible comparison may be done in terms of energy demand and effectiveness. Al Momani et al. (2004) compared the performances of ozonisation, photolysis and UV/H2C>2, photocatalysis and Fenton for the treatment of phenol solutions. Fenton-based process showed the highest removal rate, whereas the treatment with ozone was the less-expensive process among the UV-based processes, the UV/H202 showed the higher removal rate. 

The difficulty of quantum yield determination in heterogeneous photocatalysis is related to reflection and scattering of UV/VlS radiation by suspended catalyst grains. Consequently, Serpone and Salinaro (1999) proposed a detailed protocol for the determination of photonic efficiencies (quantum yields) or relative photonic efficiencies, suggesting the photocatalyzed degradation of phenol as a standard reaction (using Ti02 as photocatalyst). 

Terzian R. (1993), Fnndamental and apphed studies in heterogeneons photocatalysis primary radical intermediates and kinetics of photooxidation of creosote phenolics , PhD Thesis, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada Diss. Abstr. Int. B, 1994, 54 (12, Pt. 1), 6229. 

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