Phosphorus tribromide bromination

The conversion of an aliphatic carboxylic acid into the a-bromo- (or a-chloro ) acid by treatment with bromine (or chlorine) in the presence of a catal3rtic amount of phosphorus tribromide (or trichloride) or of red phosphorus is known as the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction. The procedure probably involves the intermediate formation of the acyl halide, since it is known that halogens react more rapidly with acyl haUdes than with the acids themselves ... 

This method of a bromination of carboxylic acids is called the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction This reaction is sometimes carried out by using a small amount of phosphorus instead of phosphorus trichloride Phosphorus reacts with bromine to yield phosphorus tribromide as the active catalyst under these conditions... 

Ethylene bromohydrin has been prepared by the reaction between ethylene glycol and hydrobromic acid and phosphorus tribromide. It has also been prepared by the direct addition of hypobromous acid to ethylene, and by the reaction between ethylene and dilute bromine water. With ethylene oxide now available at a reasonable price, the method described is probably the best because of the high yields and the convenience of reaction. 

Glycerol a,7-dibromohydrin has been prepared from glycerol and phosphorus tribromide from glycerol and bromine from glycerol, red phosphorus, and bromine. ... 

In the following the reaction is outlined for an a-bromination. The reaction mechanism involves formation of the corresponding acyl bromide 3 by reaction of carboxylic acid 1 with phosphorus tribromide PBr3. The acyl bromide 3 is in equilibrium with the enol derivative 4, which further reacts with bromine to give the a -bromoacyl bromide 5 ... 

Several other methods for the introduction of halo atoms at C-6 in hexose derivatives have been known since the late 1920s. One of the earlier methods involved the reaction of methyl 2,3,4-tri-0-acetyl-6-0-trityl-a-D-glucopyranoside with phosphorus pentachloride which resulted only in an 8% overall yield of methyl 6-chloro-6-deoxy-a-D-glucoside (57). In contrast, the reaction of methyl 2,3,4-tri-0-acetyl-6-0-trityl-a-D-altropyranoside with phosphorus tribromide and bromine afforded a 73% yield of the corresponding 6-bromo-6-deoxy derivative (91). 

Phosphorus tribromide and bromine 191 Phosphorylated deoxy sugar acids. . 88... 

Replacement—Continued hydroxyl group by a bromine atom, with phosphorus tribromide, 23, 32... 

An attempt to prepare 1 -bromo-2-fluoroethane by the partial fluorination of ethylene dibromide by means of antimony trifluoride was not very successful. The compound was best prepared by the action of phosphorus tribromide on F.E.A. The compound was relatively non-toxic and the bromine atom rather unreactive, but considerably more reactive than the chlorine atom in chlorofluoroethane. For example, bromofluoroethane was readily converted by means of potassium thiocyanate into 2-fluoroethyl thiocyanate. As a lethal inhalant the toxicity of the thiocyanate was inferior to that of M.F.A. Toxicity by injection, however, appeared to be higher. 

A. 2,4-Dibromo-3-pentanone (1). A three-necked, 250-ml. flask is fitted with a stirrer, a dropping funnel, and a condenser protected by a calcium chloride drying tube. Bromine (160 g., 1 mole) is added rapidly to a stirred solution of 45 g. (0.52 mole) of 3-pentanone (Note 1) and 1 ml. of phosphorus tribromide maintained between —10° and 0° with a dry ice-acetone bath in an efficient hood. Toward the end of the reaction very large amounts of hydrogen bromide are evolved, and the rate of addition must be controlled to allow the hood to exhaust the gas. Alternatively, a... 

The methods for the preparation of bromotrimethylsilane include the treatment of hexamethyldisiloxane with bromine reagents such as phosphorus tribromide,1,2 2,2,2-tribromo-l, 3,2 /5-benzodioxaphosphole (catechyl phosphorus tribromide),2 and aluminium tribromide,3 the yields being in the range from 73 to 87%. A further method4 shows that bromotrimethylsilane can be obtained from aminosilanes and hydrobromic acid, but the yield (55%) is lower than in the former methods. Other methods involve the use of expensive reagents, such as hexamethyldisilane, l,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2, 5-cyclohexadiene, and 1,4-dihydro-l, 4-bis(trimethylsilyl)naphthalene.5 Finally, some alternative procedures have been developed for its in situ preparation.5... 

Preparation of Phosphorus Tribromide by Reacting White Phosphorus with Bromine. (Perform the experiment in a ume cupboard ) To prepare phosphorus tribromide, one must have purified white phosphorus and dry bromine. 

Halogen atoms have been placed at C-6 of substituted 6-deoxy-hexoses by a variety of interesting ways, and the products provide potential routes to 6-deoxyhexoses. Helferich and coworkers 4 reported a low yield of methyl 6-chloro-6-deoxy-a-D-glucoside which they prepared by reaction of the (suitably protected) corresponding 6-trityl ether with phosphorus pentachloride. Sinclair 44 has provided a convenient procedure for the preparation of the 6-chloro derivative in yields of 30-35% by allowing methyl a-D-glucopyranoside to react with sulfur monochloride, SjClj, in N,/V-dimethylformamide. A much better yield (73%) of the 6-bromo derivative was reported1 in the reaction of methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-6-O-trityl-a-D-altroside with phosphorus tribromide and bromine. 

Fifty grams of phosphorus (V) bromide are first prepared, either by allowing 18,5g of bromine to drop slowly into 31.5g of ice-cold phosphorus tribromide, or by dropping 46.5g of bromine dropwise on 3.6g of dry red phosphorus. Either reaction is conducted in a stout pressure bottle of about 500ml capacity moisture must be carefully excluded. 

Magnesium metal burns in air with an intense white light to form solid magnesium oxide. Red phosphorus reacts with liquid bromine to form liquid phosphorus tribromide. Purple aqueous permanganate ion, MnC>4-, reacts with aqueous Fe2+ ion to yield Fe3+ and pale pink Mn2+. Although these and many thousands of other reactions appear unrelated, all are oxidation-reduction reactions. 

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