Phosphoric acid fuel cells cooling

Advanced Water-Cooled Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Development, Final Report," Report No. DE/MC/24221-3130, International Fuel Cells Corporation for U.S. DOE under Contract DE-AC21-88MC24221, South Windsor, CT, September 1992. 

M. Farooque, "Evaluation of Gas-Cooled Pressurized Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells for Electric Utility Power Generation," Final Technical Report, NASA CR-168298 prepared by Energy Research Corp. under Contract No. DEN 3-201 for NASA Lewis Research Center, September 1983. 

F.S. Kemp, IFC, "Status of Development of Water - Cooled Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells," in Proceedings of the Second Annual Fuel Cell Contractors Review Meeting, U.S. DOE/METC, 1990. 

The 200 kW phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) was introduced into the market in 1991 by International Fuel Cells/ ONSI, now called UTC Fuel Cells. It is the only commercialized fuel cell technology. PAFC units have been installed in various applications—commercial, small industrial, landfill, and military—and some are used for cooling, heating, and power. To date there have been 250 units sold, at roughly 4500/kW. The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) has cost-shared the purchase of three-quarters of the units sold to date. The units have performed well they have operated at 95 to 98 percent availability and 99.99 to 99.9999 percent reliability and have served 4 million customers and accumulated 4 million hours of operation. The cost of PAFC units has not decreased and in fact has increased from 3500/... 

From a cross-flow point of view it may be of interest to mention the phosphoric acid fuel cell with the so-called DiGas system (Fig. 9), which is an air-cooled cross-flow configuration for use in utility-power stations [39]. The process air stream is diverted into two types of channels into individual cells with relatively small cross-sectional area, and into cooling plates (approximately one for every five cells) with a lai ge cross-section. Bipolar plates were molded from a mixture of graphite and phenolic resin, with a Pt-on-carbon cathode and a Pt anode combined with colloidal PTFE on a graphite-paper backing. 

Miki H, Shimizu A (1998) Dynamic characteristics of phosphoric-acid fuel-cell stack cooling system. Appl Energy 61 41-56... 

Since the entry temperature is 20°C, this means that the exit temperature is 175°C. (So we note that if this is a PEM fuel cell it will need cooling. On the other hand, if it is a phosphoric acid fuel cell the preheating would have already been done.)... 

M. Ishizawa, S. Okada and T. Yamashita, Highly ef dent heat recovery system for phosphoric acid fuel cells used for cooling telecommunication equipment, J. Power Sources 86 (1-2),... 

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