Phospholipids imaging application

Imavist/Imagent/mixed phospholipid QFi4 New Drug Application [40]... 

Infrared microscopic imaging provides the significant advantages of direct spatially resolved concentration and molecular structure information for sample constituents. Raman microscopy (not further discussed in this chapter) possesses the additional benefit of confocal acquisition of this information and a 10-fold increase in spatial resolution at the expense of reduced signal-to-noise ratios compared with IR. The interested reader is urged to check the seminal studies of the Puppels group in Rotterdam,38 0 as well as our own initial efforts in this direction.41 The current section describes the initial applications of IR microspectroscopic imaging to monitor the permeation and tissue distribution of the dermal penetration enhancer, DMSO, in porcine skin as well as to track the extent of permeation of phospholipid vesicles. 

Brain. - An historical review of developments in the field of cerebral blood flow and metabolism has been produced with 34 references. The use of NMR and magnetic resonance imaging in the study of function and dysfunction in the neonatal brain has been reviewed with 40 references. The potential of and NMR in the assessment of cerebral metabolism in experimental models and human hydrocephalus has been reviewed with 110 references.A review of the applications of C-labelling to studies of the human brain has been produced with 90 references. The detection of choline-containing phospholipids in acute and chronic neurodegeneration has been reviewed with 231 references.The role of and NMR in the study of schizophrenia has been reviewed in two parts. A review of the use of NMR in the study of phenylketonuria has been produced with 26 references and comments on the text have also been published. 

The revelation that monolayers exhibited a rich and varied microstructure of coexisting domains in the microns-to-millimeter size range was first revealed by the application of fluorescence microscopy to monolayers of phospholipids and subsequent application to monolayers of fatty acids and their esters." The fluorescence microscopy technique requires the introduction of a small percentage of a fluorophore-labeled lipid or amphiphile to provide contrast between coexisting phases. The orientation of the fluorescent probe has also been exploited successfully in many cases to image regions of varying amphiphile tilt orientation relative to the interface. The method of fluorescence microscopy has limitations with respect to monolayer studies of supermolecules for example, it is unlikely that... 

MALDI-MS is generally performed at (complex) lipids mixtures, although post-LC-column fractionation systems have been developed as well. Additionally, MALDI-MS imaging of TLC plates is useful technology in Upid analysis [219]. The application of MALDI-MS in lipid analysis and lipidomics has been extensively reviewed [193, 194, 220, 221]. The most widely applied matrices in lipid analysis are DHB and 2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP). Unlike in ESI-MS, MALDI-MS provides positive-ion response for all phospholipid classes. Individual components may be observed as [M+H]+, [M+Na], [M+K]+, or adduct ions with additional HWa - or H+/K+-exchange, thus significantly complicating the interpretation and (relative) quantification of individual components in... 

Imaging/Labeling Applications Amines/amino groups - amyloid-p (Ap) peptides " atherosclerotic plaque antibodies blood vessels caries in tooth enamel " cells chromosomes dendrimers glucose " " histone deacetylases liposomes nanoparticles " nucleic acids " phospholipid micelles " proteins/peptides " quantum dots " tumors " " " ... 

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