Pheromone larval release

Ziegler TA, Forward RB (2007) Larval release behaviors in the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus role of peptide pheromones. J Chem Ecol 33 1795-1805... 

Forward RB Jr, Ritttschof D, De Vries MC (1987) Peptide pheromones synchronize crustacean egg hatching and larval release. Chem Senses 12 491 -98... 

Bjerselius, R., Li, W., Teeter, J. H., et al. (2000). Direct behavioral evidence that unique bile acids released by larval sea lamprey [Petromyzon marinus) function as a migratory pheromone. Canadian journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 57,557-569. 

Polkinghorne, C., Olson, J. M., Gallaher, D. G., and Sorensen, P. W. (2001). Larval sea lamprey release two unique bile acids to the water of a rate sufficient to produce detectable riverine pheromone plumes. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 24, 15-30. 

Petromyzonol sulfate and allocholic acid are commonly produced and released by larval petromyzontid lampreys and likely used as part of a common evolution-arily conserved pheromone. This scenario is reasonable because different lamprey species have similar larval (silt) and spawning (gravel) habitat requirements, and their larvae derive no apparent benefit from producing compounds that serve as an attractant for adults (Fine et al. 2004). However, not all of the activity of the larval pheromone could be explained by these two bile acids released by larvae (Vrieze and Sorensen 2001). A recent study identified two new compounds, petromyzona-mine disulfate and petromyzosterol disulfate, released by larval sea lampreys and hypothesized to function as pheromones (Sorensen et al. 2005). Currently, there is no evidence that crustaceans use long distance pheromones. 

The residual properties of oviposition-deterring pheromones are of particular importance to the host discrimination process. In cases where deterrent components from occupied resources may be emitted until completion of larval development, such as pheromonal release by larvae of Ephestia, Plodia and Heliothis, host discrimination mediated by pheromone may remain at a high level. However, in cases where deterrent components have only moderate residual activity under dry conditions or are water-soluble, both of which characterize tephritid pheromones, host discrimination mediated by pheromone may break down well before the completion of larval development. Here, one might suspect selection would favor female detection of larvae, or their effects. This does in fact seem to be the case in R. complete (Cirio, 1972) and R. pomonella (Averill and Prokopy, unpublished data), but further research is needed to explore this aspect more fully. 

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