Phenotypic anchoring

Luo W, Fan W, Xie H, ling L, Ricicki E, Vouros P, et al. Phenotypic anchoring of global gene expression profiles induced by A -hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl and benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide reveals correlations between expression profiles and mechanism of toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2005 18 619-29. 

Paules, R. (2003) Phenotypic anchoring linking cause and effect. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111 (6), A338-A339. 

Paules R. Phenotypic anchoring Linking cause and effect. Environ Health Perspect. 2003 111(6) A338-A339. 

Figure 5.4 Bioinformatics challenges and biological complexity. The focus of bioinformatics (red) in interpreting molecular expression data depends on the level of biological complexity (blue)—here shown progressing from genes/proteins/metabolites to networks and systems. For toxicology/pathology the focus is on phenotypic anchors— observed biological responses that can be related to the chemical structure of the test agent or exposure.

Powell CL, Kosyk O, Ross PK, Schoonhoven R, Boysen G, Swenberg JA, Heinloth AN, Boorman GA, Cunningham ML, Paules RS, Rusyn I. Phenotypic anchoring of acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress with gene expression profiles in rat liver. Toxicol Sci 2006 93 213-22. 

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