Phenomena in Solids

Relativistic Effects in Heavy-Element Chemistry and Physics. Edited by B. A. Hess 2003 John Wiley Sons Ltd 

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Many phenomena in solid-state physics can be understood by resort to energy band calculations. Conductivity trends, photoemission spectra, and optical properties can all be understood by examining the quantum states or energy bands of solids. In addition, electronic structure methods can be used to extract a wide variety of properties such as structural energies, mechanical properties and thennodynamic properties. 

Figure A2.5.16. The coexistence curve, = KI(2R) versus mole fraction v for a simple mixture. Also shown as an abscissa is the order parameter s, which makes the diagram equally applicable to order-disorder phenomena in solids and to ferromagnetism. The dotted curve is the spinodal.

If all the PES coordinates are split off in this way, the original multidimensional problem reduces to that of one-dimensional tunneling in the effective barrier (1.10) of a particle which is coupled to the heat bath. This problem is known as the dissipative tunneling problem, which has been intensively studied for the past 15 years, primarily in connection with tunneling phenomena in solid state physics [Caldeira and Leggett 1983]. Interaction with the heat bath leads to the friction force that acts on the particle moving in the one-dimensional potential (1.10), and, as a consequence, a> is replaced by the Kramers frequency [Kramers 1940] defined by... 

G. Foumet, Order-disorder phenomena in solid solutions, in. Phase Stability in Metals and Alloys", P S. 

P5. Povinelli, L. A., and Ciepluch, C. C., Surface phenomena in solid propellant combustion, presented at JANAFjARPAjNASA Solid-Propellant Group Meeting, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1962. 

Spectral Transparence Starting from 230 nm OCH2CF3 Trifluoroethoxy, 0- Phenoxy or OCH2CH3 Ethoxy Spectral Transparence in the UV range Inertness upon Long Wavelength Irradiation Photocrosslinldng Phenomena in Solid State ... 

Tetrahedral intermediates, derived from carboxylic acids, spectroscopic detection and the investigation of their properties, 21, 37 Topochemical phenomena in solid-state chemistry, 15, 63 Transition state structure, crystallographic approaches to, 29, 87 Transition state structure, in solution, effective charge and, 27, 1 Transition state structure, secondary deuterium isotope effects and, 31, 143 Transition states, structure in solution, cross-interaction constants and, 27, 57 Transition states, the stabilization of by cyclodextrins and other catalysts, 29, 1 Transition states, theory revisited, 28, 139... 

N.A. Goryunova, F.P. Kesamanly, and D.N. Nasledov, Phenomena in Solid Solutions R. T. Bate, Electrical Properties of Nonuniform Crystals... 

Burstein E, Lundqvist S (1969) Tunneling phenomena in solids. Plenum, New York... 

Burstein, E., and Lundquist, S. (1969). Tunneling Phenomena in Solids, Plenum, New York. 

D.c. electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, Seebeck effect and Hall effect are some of the common electron-transport properties of solids that characterize the nature of charge carriers. On the basis of electrical properties, solid materials may be classified into metals, semiconductors, and insulators where the charge carriers move in band states (Fig. 6.1) there are other semiconductors and insulators where charge carriers are localized and their motion involves a diffusive process (Honig, 1981). We shall briefly present the important relations involved in interpreting the transport phenomena in solids. 

We end this book with an overview of a topic that has immense promise but is still in the laboratory stage of development, namely, high temperature superconductivity.22 24 Since superconductivity is intimately related to magnetic phenomena in solids, a brief consideration of magnetochemistry25 is prerequisite. 

In general, dipolar relaxation occurs whenever these quantities are modulated by time-dependent phenomena. In solids r and y are fixed for a single I-J pair. In liquids, y varies upon rotation of the molecule bearing the I-J pair, and r may vary because of chemical exchange. 

A good introduction to tunneling can be found in Burstein.E. Lundqvist,S. " Tunneling Phenomena in Solids ",1968,Plenum,New York. 

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