Phenolics gallic acid

Oxidation product of widespread phenolic Gallic acid Azadirarhla indica, Soymidafebrifuga (Meliaceae) [wood], Haplopappus canescens (Asteraceae) [aerial] glycosides in Vaccinium macrocarpon (Ericaceae), Myrica rubra (Myricaceae) [bark], Primula sinensis (Primulaceae) [petal], Camellia sinensis (Theaceae) [leaf]... 

Phenol Gallic acid Gossypol Basic subunit of hydrolysable tannins... 

Mutagenicity of MNNG was only reduced when phenolics were administered to S typhirnurium concurrently with the mutagen (Fig. 2). The tested phenolics (gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and a commercial preparation of tannins) had no detectable inhibitory effects when added to Salmonella cultures prior to or after their exposure to MNNG (Table 1). It appears likely that... 

Wine and by-products Cinnamic acid derivatives, anthocyanins and flavanols dominate (10 to 20 J,M gallic acid equivalents) Oil-in-water emulsion (dressing model) Red wine yields better protection, but phenols in white and rose wine seem more efficient on a molar basis Sanchez-Moreno et al., 2000... 

The total phenolic content in XRPP was 1.10%. The major components were found to be p-hydroxybenzoic acid (0.44%), vanillin (0.19%), syringic acid (0.13%), and syringaldehyde (0.13%). The contents of p-hydroybenzaldehyde, vanillic acid and ferulic acid were 0.032, 0.015 and 0.020%, respectively. Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid and cinnamic acid were detected in trace amounts. 

Ma and others (2004) isolated and identified seven phenolic compounds in Poute-ria campechiana, P. sapota, and P. viridis, namely, gallic acid, (+)-gallocatechin,... 

The Folin-Ciocalteu assay is the most widely used method to determine the total content of food phenolics (Fleck and others 2008). Folin-Ciocalteu reagent is not specific and detects all phenolic groups found in extracts, including those found in extractable proteins. A disadvantage of this assay is the interference of reducing substances, such as ascorbic acid (Singleton and others 1999). The content of phenolics is expressed as gallic acid or catechin equivalents. 

There are two categories of tannins condensed and hydrolyzable tannins. The polymerization of flavonoid molecules produces condensed tannins, which are commonly found in woody plants (Fig. 3.9). Hydrolyzable tannins are also polymers, but they are a more heterogeneous mixture of phenolic acids (especially gallic acid) and simple sugars. Though widely distributed, their highest concentration is in the bark and galls of oaks. 

Phenol content (measured as gallic acid equivalents) increased initially in fresh-cut carrot treated with different sanitizers and later decreased in a different pattern for each treatment (Ruiz-Cruz and others 2007). Washing treatments significantly affected phenol content. Comparing sanitized shredded carrots with controls (unwashed and water washed), a sharp increase with a maximum value at days 3 and 6 (5.6 to 6 mg/ 100 g) was found, followed by a decline. Final phenol concentration was 0.7 to 1.3 mg/ 100 g for all treatments at the end of the storage period (Ruiz-Cruz and others 2007). 

Wang et al. (62) reported the oxidative polymerization of a mixture of phenolic compounds in aqueous solution containing mont-morillonlte, illite, and kaolinite, each of which had been mixed with quartz in a 3 7 ratio, and by quartz alone. The mixture of phenolic compounds contained gallic acid, pyrogallol, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, orcinol, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. The oxidative... 

Wine Phenolics (mg/1) Gallic acid (qg/ml) Rutin (jUg/ml) Trans- resveratrol (qg/ml) Quercetin (Ug/ml)... 

Total phenols are expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAEs). Reprinted with permission from M. Lopez et al. [193]. 

The remaining shlklmates in Table III also are relatively simple, well known compounds. The phenolic structures of vanillin (125) and gallic acid (127) and the prephenolic structures of the common quinic acid (128) and chlorogenic acid (129) make them candidates for physiological activity. Gallic acid is the monomer for tannins, biological polymers found in the cotton plant (15, 37). 

By this method, we found the symbionts could utilize (and apparently detoxify) a diversity of plant flavonoids and phenolics including rutin, quercetin, caffeic acid, tannic acid, and gallic acid (11),... 

CT = Condensed Tannin, GA = gallic acid ( a conponent molecule of TA), HT = Hydrolyzable Tannin, TA = Tannic Acid, TP = Total Phenolics. 

Other Phenolic Compounds. There are several phenolic acids important to tea chemistry. Gallic acid (3) and its quinic acid ester, theogallin (4), have been identified in tea (17,18) and have been detected by hplc (19,20). 

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