Phenolic carbamates, oxidation

BTIB-oxidations of the phenolic carbamates 162 have been employed, as shown in Scheme 46, for syntheses of the hydroindolenones and hydroquinolenones 163 (99TL4183). The treatment of 162 (X = H, n= 1) with BTIB-C6H5N (HF) in CH2C12 leads directly to the corresponding fluoro hydroindolenone. 

Our recent studies on effective bromination and oxidation using benzyltrimethylammonium tribromide (BTMA Br3), stable solid, are described. Those involve electrophilic bromination of aromatic compounds such as phenols, aromatic amines, aromatic ethers, acetanilides, arenes, and thiophene, a-bromination of arenes and acetophenones, and also bromo-addition to alkenes by the use of BTMA Br3. Furthermore, oxidation of alcohols, ethers, 1,4-benzenediols, hindered phenols, primary amines, hydrazo compounds, sulfides, and thiols, haloform reaction of methylketones, N-bromination of amides, Hofmann degradation of amides, and preparation of acylureas and carbamates by the use of BTMA Br3 are also presented. 

Oxidative carbonylation is not necessarily associated with C - C bond formation. Indeed, heteroatom carbonylation may occur exclusively, as in the oxidative carbonylation of alcohols or phenols to carbonates, of alcohols and amines to carbamates, of aminoalcohols to cyclic carbamates, and of amines to ureas. All these reactions are of particular significance, in view of the possibility to prepare these very important classes of carbonyl compounds through a phosgene-free approach. These carbonylations are usually carried out in the presence of an appropriate oxidant under catalytic conditions (Eqs. 31-33), and in some cases can be promoted not only by transition metals but also by... 

This reaction allows aryl carbon-heteroatom bond formation via an oxidative coupling of arylboronic acids, stannanes or siloxanes with N-H or O-H containing compounds in air. Substrates include phenols, amines, anilines, amides, imides, ureas, carbamates, and sulfonamides. The reaction is induced by a stoichiometric amount of copper(II) or a catalytic amount of copper catalyst which is reoxidized by atmospheric oxygen. 

Figure 2.34 shows the mechanism of this reaction. A key intermediate is the alkylated phosphine oxide A, with which the carboxylate ion reacts to displace the leaving group 0=PPh3. Figure 2.34 also shows that this carboxylate ion results from the deprotonation of the carboxylic acid used by the intermediate carbamate anion B. Nucleophiles that can be deproto-nated by B analogously, i.e., quantitatively, are also alkylated under Mitsunobu-like conditions (see Figure 2.36). In contrast, nucleophiles that are too weakly acidic cannot undergo Mitsunobu alkylation. Thus, for example, there are Mitsunobu etherifications of phenols, but not of alcohols.

Thus, oxidation of oxazoline derivatives of phenolic compounds 33 with IBD in trifluoroethanol leads to spirocyclic amides 34 [26]. The low yield of compound 34b is attributable to the carbamate carbonyl of 33b competing effectively with the oxazoline nitrogen to capture the electrophilic intermediate obtained by activation of the phenol (Scheme 14). 

---