Phase separation homogenization

Phase-separable homogeneous catalysis43 also includes fluorous biphasic systems.44 The latter use a liquid fluoro-... 

G the noncrystalline component is fully segregated into the bulk melt. When the miscibility gap is reached, the melt phase separates homogeneously and binodally. 

Separation of the different phases of a heterogeneous mixture should be carried out before homogeneous separation, taking advantage of what already exists. Phase separation tends to be easier and... 

In both cases the late stages of kinetics show power law domain growth, the nature of which does not depend on the mitial state it depends on the nature of the fluctuating variable(s) which is (are) driving the phase separation process. Such a fluctuating variable is called the order parameter for a binary mixture, tlie order parameter o(r,0 is tlie relative concentration of one of the two species and its fluctuation around the mean value is 5e(/,t) = c(r,t) - c. In the disordered phase, the system s concentration is homogeneous and the order... 

An example of heterogeneous-azeotrope formation is shown in Fig. 13-13 for the water-normal butanol system at 101.3 kPa. At liquid compositions between 0 and 3 mole percent butanol and between 40 and 100 mole percent butanol, the liquid phase is homogeneous. Phase sphtting into two separate liquid phases (one with 3 mole percent butanol and the other with 40 mole percent butanol) occurs for any overall hquid composition between 3 and 40 mole percent butanol. A miuimum-boihug heterogeneous azeotrope occurs at 92°C (198°F) when the vapor composition and the over l composition of the two liquid phases are 75 mole percent butanol. 

Compatibility. Clear definition of compatibility is rather difficult. Compatibility has been defined as the ability of two or more materials to exist in close and permanent association for an indefinite period without phase separation and without adverse effect of one on the other [28]. On the other hand, compatibility is easily recognized in solvent-borne adhesives as a homogeneous blend of materials without phase separation. Normally, compatibility is understood as a clear transparent mixture of a resin with a given polymer. But, compatibility is a more complex thermodynamic phenomenon which can be evaluated from specific... 

Legend O, transparent homogenous solution X, phase-separated p, translucent gel. 

The oligomerization of the ethylene is performed at 80-120°C and at a pressure of 70-140 bar. A solvent like 1,4-butanediol is used, in which only the catalyst and the monomeric ethylene are soluble but not the formed higher molecular weight olefins. The oligomerization of the ethylene in such a two-phase systems enables the separation of the homogeneous catalyst from the reaction product by a simple phase separation. 

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